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A&P 2 > special senses > Flashcards

special senses Flashcards

1
Q

olfaction cell types

A

olfactory neuron, basal cells, supporting cells, and olfactory glands

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2
Q

where are taste buds

A

lingual papillae

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3
Q

taste buds contain many…?

A

spindle cells, like gustatory cells and basal cells

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4
Q

salt

A

opens Na2+ channels depolarizes
voltage gated CA2+ channels open
exocytosis

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5
Q

sour

A

H+ (acid) enter cell through h+ channel OR H+ block k+ channel
gustatory cell depolarizes
voltage gated CA2+ channels
exocytosis

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6
Q

vison

A

lens: focusing light

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7
Q

Anterior cavity (eyeball)

A

filled with aqueous humor (fluid)

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8
Q

posterior cavity (eyeball)

A

filled with vitreous humor (gel) for eye shape

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9
Q

three layers of an eyeball

A

fibrous layer: CORNEA, matrix of collagen and nerve endings. SCLERA, whites of eye, connective tissue, maintains eye shape
Vasular tunic layer: CHOROID, vascularized layer covering eye pigment&absorb photon. CILIARY BODY, secretes nutrient fluid into AC, IRIS, regulates quantity of light entering pupil.
Innermost retina layer: NEURAL LAYER, photoreceptors(rods&cons), PIGMENTED LAYER, single cell think absorb light

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10
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptors in retinal layer with bipolar cells. sensitive to light and responsible for vision at low light, DONT discriminate color

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11
Q

Cons

A

photoreceptor in retinal layer with bipolar cells. responsible for color vision and require higher light to be stimulated

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12
Q

rods and cons segments

A

Inner segment: contain organelles
Outer segment: have siscs that contain visual pigments

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13
Q

visual pigments

A

derived from rhodopsin=opsin protein + pigment molecule retinal

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14
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest, decreases the diameter of the pupil

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15
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight and flight , increases the diameter of the pupil

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16
Q

focal point

A

spot that forms a shape image
light close source travels a longer focal distance to reach point
light from a distance source travels a shorter distance

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17
Q

ciliary muscle

A

changes the lens shape to adjust the focal point to reach the retina

18
Q

retinal information?

A

received by visual cortex of the cerebrum to get processed

19
Q

optic chiasm

A

area in brain where the optic nerves cross, vision from both eyes

20
Q

emmetropia

A

normal vision, over 6 meters away

21
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness, eyeball is elongated or lens/cornea curvature is too great (what I have)

22
Q

hyperopia

A

far-sightedness eyeball is shallow or lens/cornea is too flat, focal point is past the retina

23
Q

presbyopia

A

lens becomes less elastic (often w/age)

24
Q

three major parts of ear

A

External ear
middle ear
internal ear

25
Q

external ear

A

consists of auricle, external acoustic canal, tympanic membrane. funnels sound into the inner ear parts. sound waves causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate

26
Q

middle ear

A

consists of 3 bones call ossicles that amplify sound. malleus & incus & stapes

27
Q

internal ear

A

consists of vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea

28
Q

vestibule(ear)

A

connects the tympanic cavity & the cochlea

29
Q

semicircular canals

A

sensory cells that detect angular motion of head (dynamic equilibrium)

30
Q

Cochlea

A

boney spiral canal that contains hair cells function for hearing selection of sound waves

31
Q

types of hair cells

A

inner hair cells:detect sound
outer hair cells: modify sound reception by changing the stiffness of basilar membrane based on feedback from CNS

32
Q

what are hair cells?

A

have microvilli(stereocilia) mechanicallly gated cation channels
when bent the channels open, K+ move into cell, cell depolarizes, open voltage gated Ca+ channels, Ca+ enters hair cell, trigger exocytosis,

33
Q

stereocilia bent to one direction?

A

hair cell depolarization, action potential rate increases

34
Q

stereocilia bent in opposite direction?

A

hair cell hyper depolarizes action potential rate generation decreases

35
Q

sound

A

waves of alternative areas of high pressure and low pressure

36
Q

higher frequency sound

A

higher pitch

37
Q

higher amplitude

A

greater loudness sound intesnsity

38
Q

hearing damage

A

hair cells cannot be regenerated

39
Q

static equilibrium

A

measures orientation related to gravity. hair cell cilia project into Otholiths, head tilts the otoliths shifts pulling gel in a different direction

40
Q

dynamic equlibrium

A

measures acceleration, deceleration, & rotation in the endolymph. Endolymph pushes on the capula

41
Q

Kinocilium bent away from stereocilia

A

open mechanical gated channels and K+&Ca+ move into the hair cells

42
Q

Kinocilium bent towards the stereocilia

A

close the mechanically gated channels and result in hyper-polarization of the hair cell

A&P 2 (11 decks)

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