special senses

Question 1

olfaction cell types

Answer 1

olfactory neuron, basal cells, supporting cells, and olfactory glands

Question 2

where are taste buds

Answer 2

lingual papillae

Question 3

taste buds contain many…?

Answer 3

spindle cells, like gustatory cells and basal cells

Question 4

salt

Answer 4

opens Na2+ channels depolarizes
voltage gated CA2+ channels open
exocytosis

Question 5

sour

Answer 5

H+ (acid) enter cell through h+ channel OR H+ block k+ channel
gustatory cell depolarizes
voltage gated CA2+ channels
exocytosis

Question 6

vison

Answer 6

lens: focusing light

Question 7

Anterior cavity (eyeball)

Answer 7

filled with aqueous humor (fluid)

Question 8

posterior cavity (eyeball)

Answer 8

filled with vitreous humor (gel) for eye shape

Question 9

three layers of an eyeball

Answer 9

fibrous layer: CORNEA, matrix of collagen and nerve endings. SCLERA, whites of eye, connective tissue, maintains eye shape
Vasular tunic layer: CHOROID, vascularized layer covering eye pigment&absorb photon. CILIARY BODY, secretes nutrient fluid into AC, IRIS, regulates quantity of light entering pupil.
Innermost retina layer: NEURAL LAYER, photoreceptors(rods&cons), PIGMENTED LAYER, single cell think absorb light

Question 10

Rods

Answer 10

photoreceptors in retinal layer with bipolar cells. sensitive to light and responsible for vision at low light, DONT discriminate color

Question 11

Cons

Answer 11

photoreceptor in retinal layer with bipolar cells. responsible for color vision and require higher light to be stimulated

Question 12

rods and cons segments

Answer 12

Inner segment: contain organelles
Outer segment: have siscs that contain visual pigments

Question 13

visual pigments

Answer 13

derived from rhodopsin=opsin protein + pigment molecule retinal

Question 14

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

rest and digest, decreases the diameter of the pupil

Question 15

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

fight and flight , increases the diameter of the pupil

Question 16

focal point

Answer 16

spot that forms a shape image
light close source travels a longer focal distance to reach point
light from a distance source travels a shorter distance

Question 17

ciliary muscle

Answer 17

changes the lens shape to adjust the focal point to reach the retina

Question 18

retinal information?

Answer 18

received by visual cortex of the cerebrum to get processed

Question 19

optic chiasm

Answer 19

area in brain where the optic nerves cross, vision from both eyes

Question 20

emmetropia

Answer 20

normal vision, over 6 meters away

Question 21

myopia

Answer 21

nearsightedness, eyeball is elongated or lens/cornea curvature is too great (what I have)

Question 22

hyperopia

Answer 22

far-sightedness eyeball is shallow or lens/cornea is too flat, focal point is past the retina

Question 23

presbyopia

Answer 23

lens becomes less elastic (often w/age)

Question 24

three major parts of ear

Answer 24

External ear
middle ear
internal ear

Question 25

external ear

Answer 25

consists of auricle, external acoustic canal, tympanic membrane. funnels sound into the inner ear parts. sound waves causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate

Question 26

middle ear

Answer 26

consists of 3 bones call ossicles that amplify sound. malleus & incus & stapes

Question 27

internal ear

Answer 27

consists of vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea

Question 28

vestibule(ear)

Answer 28

connects the tympanic cavity & the cochlea

Question 29

semicircular canals

Answer 29

sensory cells that detect angular motion of head (dynamic equilibrium)

Question 30

Cochlea

Answer 30

boney spiral canal that contains hair cells function for hearing selection of sound waves

Question 31

types of hair cells

Answer 31

inner hair cells:detect sound outer hair cells: modify sound reception by changing the stiffness of basilar membrane based on feedback from CNS

Question 32

what are hair cells?

Answer 32

have microvilli(stereocilia) mechanicallly gated cation channels when bent the channels open, K+ move into cell, cell depolarizes, open voltage gated Ca+ channels, Ca+ enters hair cell, trigger exocytosis,

Question 33

stereocilia bent to one direction?

Answer 33

hair cell depolarization, action potential rate increases

Question 34

stereocilia bent in opposite direction?

Answer 34

hair cell hyper depolarizes action potential rate generation decreases

Question 35

sound

Answer 35

waves of alternative areas of high pressure and low pressure

Question 36

higher frequency sound

Answer 36

higher pitch

Question 37

higher amplitude

Answer 37

greater loudness sound intesnsity

Question 38

hearing damage

Answer 38

hair cells cannot be regenerated

Question 39

static equilibrium

Answer 39

measures orientation related to gravity. hair cell cilia project into Otholiths, head tilts the otoliths shifts pulling gel in a different direction

Question 40

dynamic equlibrium

Answer 40

measures acceleration, deceleration, & rotation in the endolymph. Endolymph pushes on the capula

Question 41

Kinocilium bent away from stereocilia

Answer 41

open mechanical gated channels and K+&Ca+ move into the hair cells

Question 42

Kinocilium bent towards the stereocilia

Answer 42

close the mechanically gated channels and result in hyper-polarization of the hair cell