respiratory system Flashcards
Parietal Pleura
attach to the chest wall
visceral pleura
cover the lungs blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi
Pleural fluid
secreted by both pleura to
-lubricate and reduce friction
-sticks the lungs to the pleural cavity
what happens to pressure and volume in lungs during exhalation?
volume decreases and pressure increases which = air flows out
what is volume controlled by?
contraction/relation of the diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles
Quiet breathing(euphea)
-at rest
-doesn’t require cognitive thought
-pressure drops
normal respiratory cycle ?
is tidal volume
Forced breathing(hyperphea)
-more deeply or faster
-recruits more muscles
-increases volume
forced inhalation&exhalation
-increases the volume above tidal volume
-results in inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
vital capacity?
maximum amount of air that can be inhaled&exhaled on a single respiratory cycle
residual volume
air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
conducting zone?
-involved in carrying gases to/from the exchange zone
-functions: filtering solids, moisturizing & warming incoming air
Exchange zone?
-is the site of gas exchange between air & circulatory system
-driven by diffusion
structures in the conducting zone?
-nasal cavity
-oral cavity
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
nasal cavity?
-covered w/goblet(mucus) cells
-vibrissae(hairs)
pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-secretes fluids(mucus to trap particles)
-warmed&moisturized though here
oral cavity?
-alternative pathway for air
-lacks hairs&less mucus production
-less efficient in moisturizing or warming air
pharynx?
-common passageway for air and food
Bohr shifts occurs and how it could help with gas exchange
helps with gas exchange by allowing hemoglobin to release oxygen more easily in tissues that need it
What special mechanisms ensure an extra supply of oxygen to skeletal muscle and the developing
fetus?
-myoglobin
-fetal Hb
three mechanisms responsible for carbon dioxide transport in the blood
-Dissolved gas
-Bicarbonate
-Carbaminohemoglobin bound to hemoglobin (and other proteins
part of the brain is in charge of involuntary respiration?
medulla oblongata
response to a build-up of CO2 in the blood? in relation to homeostasis?
-faster breathing, exhale more frequently=removes carbon dioxide
-kidneys produce more concentrated urine, so less water is lost from the body.
response to a drop in CO2 in the blood? in relation to homeostasis? (increase in pH)
-trigger hypoventilation
-decease in arterial Pco2 inhibits there chemoreceptors
-w/out stimulation rate of respiration
how the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor can help with high altitude sickness
(metabolic acidosis)trigger ventilation over and above that stimulated by the hypoxia of high altitude by virtue of renal and endothelial cell CA inhibition which oppose the hypocapnic alkalosis resulting from the hypoxic ventilatory response
ventilation
movement of gases in and out of the lungs
respiration
gas(O2&CO2) exchange between air and the blood or between blood and the tissues
transport of respiratory gas
movement of gases to the tissues via the blood (RBC + plasma)
Cellular respiration
Catabolism of organic molecules in the presence of O2, producing CO2 (aerobic respiration)
P1 V1 = P2 V2
pulmonary ventilation pressure differences during inspiration
pressure decreases, volume increases which helps air flow in
epiglottis
folds to prevent entry of solids and liquids into respiratory tract
Trachea?
-transports air into the thorax
-made up of tracheal cartilages
-trachealis muscles connect each tracheal cartilage
respond to autonomic NS stimulation
-lined with pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium and mucus cells
PNS=constriction
SNS=relaxation
Bronchioles in exchange zone?
-terminate into alveolar ducts that end in sacs(alveoli)
alveoli in exchange zone?
-pneumocyte type I are simple squamous cells
-pneumocyte type II secrete surfactants
-macrophages consume particles that have evaded the zone
surfactants?
-an agent that decreases surface tension
-prevents alveoli from collapsing due to attraction of water molecules on alveolar surface
gas exchange ?
-gas moves from high pressure area to low pressure area until equilibrium
-external resp. = alveoli to blood
-internal resp. = blood to tissues
Hb-O2
-ozyhemoglobin
-one Hb binds to 4 O2
-
Bohr shift relation with tempature?
-increase temp = curve shift right, meaning more O2 unloading/delivery
-Decrease temp = curve shift left,
Bohr shift relation with pH
-decrease pH = curve shift right, more oxygen is released
-Increase pH = curve shift left, less oxygen is released
-at tissues CO2 is released
Bohr effect
lactic acid production via anaerobic respiration will also decrease pH
-results in decrease in Hb saturation, results in increase in delivery of O2 to active tissues
-Bohr effect
