respiratory system

Question 1

Parietal Pleura

Answer 1

attach to the chest wall

Question 2

visceral pleura

Answer 2

cover the lungs blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi

Question 3

Pleural fluid

Answer 3

secreted by both pleura to
-lubricate and reduce friction
-sticks the lungs to the pleural cavity

Question 4

what happens to pressure and volume in lungs during exhalation?

Answer 4

volume decreases and pressure increases which = air flows out

Question 5

what is volume controlled by?

Answer 5

contraction/relation of the diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles

Question 6

Quiet breathing(euphea)

Answer 6

-at rest
-doesn’t require cognitive thought
-pressure drops

Question 7

normal respiratory cycle ?

Answer 7

is tidal volume

Question 8

Forced breathing(hyperphea)

Answer 8

-more deeply or faster
-recruits more muscles
-increases volume

Question 9

forced inhalation&exhalation

Answer 9

-increases the volume above tidal volume
-results in inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume

Question 10

vital capacity?

Answer 10

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled&exhaled on a single respiratory cycle

Question 11

residual volume

Answer 11

air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

Question 12

conducting zone?

Answer 12

-involved in carrying gases to/from the exchange zone
-functions: filtering solids, moisturizing & warming incoming air

Question 13

Exchange zone?

Answer 13

-is the site of gas exchange between air & circulatory system
-driven by diffusion

Question 14

structures in the conducting zone?

Answer 14

-nasal cavity
-oral cavity
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi

Question 15

nasal cavity?

Answer 15

-covered w/goblet(mucus) cells
-vibrissae(hairs)
pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-secretes fluids(mucus to trap particles)
-warmed&moisturized though here

Question 16

oral cavity?

Answer 16

-alternative pathway for air
-lacks hairs&less mucus production
-less efficient in moisturizing or warming air

Question 17

pharynx?

Answer 17

-common passageway for air and food

Question 18

Bohr shifts occurs and how it could help with gas exchange

Answer 18

helps with gas exchange by allowing hemoglobin to release oxygen more easily in tissues that need it

Question 19

What special mechanisms ensure an extra supply of oxygen to skeletal muscle and the developing
fetus?

Answer 19

-myoglobin
-fetal Hb

Question 20

three mechanisms responsible for carbon dioxide transport in the blood

Answer 20

-Dissolved gas
-Bicarbonate
-Carbaminohemoglobin bound to hemoglobin (and other proteins

Question 21

part of the brain is in charge of involuntary respiration?

Answer 21

medulla oblongata

Question 22

response to a build-up of CO2 in the blood? in relation to homeostasis?

Answer 22

-faster breathing, exhale more frequently=removes carbon dioxide
-kidneys produce more concentrated urine, so less water is lost from the body.

Question 23

response to a drop in CO2 in the blood? in relation to homeostasis? (increase in pH)

Answer 23

-trigger hypoventilation
-decease in arterial Pco2 inhibits there chemoreceptors
-w/out stimulation rate of respiration

Question 24

how the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor can help with high altitude sickness

Answer 24

(metabolic acidosis)trigger ventilation over and above that stimulated by the hypoxia of high altitude by virtue of renal and endothelial cell CA inhibition which oppose the hypocapnic alkalosis resulting from the hypoxic ventilatory response

Question 25

ventilation

Answer 25

movement of gases in and out of the lungs

Question 26

respiration

Answer 26

gas(O2&CO2) exchange between air and the blood or between blood and the tissues

Question 27

transport of respiratory gas

Answer 27

movement of gases to the tissues via the blood (RBC + plasma)

Question 28

Cellular respiration

Answer 28

Catabolism of organic molecules in the presence of O2, producing CO2 (aerobic respiration)

Question 29

P1 V1 = P2 V2
pulmonary ventilation pressure differences during inspiration

Answer 29

pressure decreases, volume increases which helps air flow in

Question 30

epiglottis

Answer 30

folds to prevent entry of solids and liquids into respiratory tract

Question 31

Trachea?

Answer 31

-transports air into the thorax
-made up of tracheal cartilages
-trachealis muscles connect each tracheal cartilage
respond to autonomic NS stimulation
-lined with pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium and mucus cells

Question 32

PNS=constriction
SNS=relaxation

Question 33

Bronchioles in exchange zone?

Answer 33

-terminate into alveolar ducts that end in sacs(alveoli)

Question 34

alveoli in exchange zone?

Answer 34

-pneumocyte type I are simple squamous cells
-pneumocyte type II secrete surfactants
-macrophages consume particles that have evaded the zone

Question 35

surfactants?

Answer 35

-an agent that decreases surface tension
-prevents alveoli from collapsing due to attraction of water molecules on alveolar surface

Question 36

gas exchange ?

Answer 36

-gas moves from high pressure area to low pressure area until equilibrium
-external resp. = alveoli to blood
-internal resp. = blood to tissues

Question 37

Hb-O2

Answer 37

-ozyhemoglobin
-one Hb binds to 4 O2
-

Question 38

Bohr shift relation with tempature?

Answer 38

-increase temp = curve shift right, meaning more O2 unloading/delivery
-Decrease temp = curve shift left,

Question 39

Bohr shift relation with pH

Answer 39

-decrease pH = curve shift right, more oxygen is released
-Increase pH = curve shift left, less oxygen is released

Question 40

-at tissues CO2 is released

Answer 40

Bohr effect

Question 41

lactic acid production via anaerobic respiration will also decrease pH

Answer 41

-results in decrease in Hb saturation, results in increase in delivery of O2 to active tissues
-Bohr effect