Urinary System

Question 1

Composition of urinary system

Answer 1

1. Kidneys (1 pair)
2. Ureters (1 pair)
3. Bladder (1 structure)
4. Urethra (1 structure)

Question 2

Functions of urinary system

Answer 2

1. Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance of body
2. Removes waste products of metabolism from body
3. Functions as endocrine organs: synthesizes and secretes erythropoietin rennin

Question 3

General structure: kidney

Answer 3

1. Capsule covers the surface (connective tissue)
2. Outer layer (cortex) and inner layer (medulla)
3. Renal pyramids contained in the renal medulla group into 10-18 pyramidal structures
4. Renal pelvis forms branches called major calyces
5. Major calyces form branches called minor calyces
6. The renal pyramid connects the minor calyces with its apex which points toward the renal pelvis and the base forms the interface with the cortex
7. At the base of the medullary pyramid, parallel arrays of tubules called medullary rays penetrate the cortex
8. Granular cortical tissue between medullary rays is termed cortical labyrinth
9. The cortex between medullary pyramids are called renal column

Question 4

The upper part of the ureter which projects into the kidney forms the

Answer 4

Renal pelvis

Question 5

A medullary pyramid and the associated cortical tissue

Answer 5

Kidney lobe

Question 6

A medullary ray and the surrounding cortical labyrinth

Answer 6

Kidney lobule

Question 7

Each lobule is made up of numerous

Answer 7

Uriniferous tubules

Question 8

Uriniferous tubule is divided into two parts

Answer 8

1. Nephron
2. Collecting tubule and duct

Question 9

The nephron of the uriniferous tubule is divided into 2 parts

Answer 9

1. Renal corpuscle
2. Renal tubule

Question 10

The renal tubule of the nephron is divided into 3 parts

Answer 10

1. Proximal Convoluted tubule
2. Loop of Henle
3. Distal Convoluted tubule

Question 11

The structural and functional unit of the kidney

Answer 11

Nephron

Question 12

The convoluted tubule of the nephron consists of

Answer 12

1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. Distal convoluted tubule

Question 13

The part of the nephron responsible for the filtration of plasma

Answer 13

Renal corpuscle

Key point for exam (structures of the renal corpuscle)

Question 14

Afferent arteriole of the renal corpuscle forms branches from the

Answer 14

Capillary network

Question 15

The glomerular capsule is made of

Answer 15

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 16

This structure is derived from the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole

Answer 16

Glomerulus

Question 17

Difference between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole of the glomerulus

Answer 17

Diameter for afferent arteriole is large and the diameter for efferent arteriole is small

Question 18

The endothelial cells in the glomerular capillary are

Answer 18

Fenestrated

Question 19

The double walled epithelial chamber having an internal/visceral layer and an external/parietal layer

Answer 19

Glomerular capsule

Question 20

The renal filtration barrier consists of

Answer 20

1. Endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
2. Basement membrane
3. Filtration slit membrane

Question 21

Proximal convoluted tubule under light microscope
Wall:

Answer 21

Simple cuboidal/pyramidal shaped cells

Question 22

Proximal convoluted tubule under light microscope
Lumen surface:

Answer 22

Has brush border

Question 23

Proximal convoluted tubule under light microscope
Nucleus:

Answer 23

Small, round, located in the base

Question 24

Proximal convoluted tubule under light microscope
Cytoplasm

Answer 24

Strongly acidophilic

Question 25

Proximal convoluted tubule under light microscope
Basal surface:

Answer 25

Having basal striations

Question 26

Proximal convoluted tubule under electron microscope
Lumen/free surface:

Answer 26

Has well, developed microvilli

Question 27

Proximal convoluted tubule under electron microscope
Basal surface:

Answer 27

Basal striations or extensive infolding

Question 28

Distal convoluted tubule under light microscope
Wall:

Answer 28

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 29

Distal convoluted tubule under light microscope
Lumen surface:

Answer 29

Has few brush border (luminal surface is smooth)

Question 30

Distal convoluted tubule under light microscope
Nucleus:

Answer 30

Small, round, located in the apical position

Question 31

Distal convoluted tubule under light microscope
Cytoplasm:

Answer 31

Less acidophilic

Question 32

Distal convoluted tubule under electron microscope

Answer 32

Few mitochondria

Question 33

Proximal convoluted tubule functions in

Answer 33

The reabsorption of useful materials

Question 34

Distal convoluted tubule functions in

Answer 34

1. Absorption of sodium ions and secretion of potassium ions
2. Secrete hydrogen and ammonium into tubular urine
3. Hormone regulation (aldosterone & antidiuretic hormone ADH)

Question 35

The activity of the collecting duct is controlled by

Answer 35

Aldosterone and ADH

Question 36

The juxtaglomerular apparatus/ complex comprises of

Answer 36

1. Juxtaglomerular cell
2. Extraglomerular mesangial cell
3. Macula densa

Question 37

Juxtaglomerular cell can help to regulate

Answer 37

Blood pressure of the human body using the hormone renin

Question 38

Cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus that are part of the distal tubule wall, with cells that become tall and columnar

Answer 38

Macula densa

Question 39

Duct associated with the nephron, but not a structure of it

Answer 39

Collecting duct

Question 40

These cells make up the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule

Answer 40

Podocytes