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Histology & Embryology🔬 > Digestive Glands > Flashcards

Digestive Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Components of digestive glands

A
  • large salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gall bladder
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2
Q

Function: salivary gland

A

Produce saliva

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3
Q

Function: pancreas

A

Produce digestive enzymes and hormones

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4
Q

Function: liver

A

Produce bile, metabolism, synthesize blood proteins, etc.

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5
Q

Function: gall bladder

A

Store and concentrate bile

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6
Q

Two parts of the exocrine glands

A
  1. Secretory part
  2. Duct system
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7
Q

Compound glands have

A

Branching ducts

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8
Q

Compound tubuloacinar glands that exist in three large pairs

A

Salivary glands

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9
Q

Three major types of salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual glands
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10
Q

Two types of secretory cells in salivary glands

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucous
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11
Q

Function: serous cell

A
  • Protein secreting cell (enzyme)
  • secretion is washiness
  • serous cells form serous acini
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12
Q

Function: mucous cell

A
  • secrete mucoproteins
  • secretion is viscid
  • mucous cells form the mucous acini
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13
Q

Composed of both serous and mucous cells, mainly mucous acinus with a serous demilune

A

Mixed acinus

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14
Q
  • Found within the basal lamina of secretory acini and intercalated ducts.
  • Stellate or spindle in shape
  • function:
    1. Contraction: helping to squeeze out secretion
    2. Prevention
A

Myoepithelial cell

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15
Q

Ducts involved in the duct system of salivary glands

A
  1. Intercalated duct
  2. Striated duct
  3. Interlobular duct
  4. Major secretory duct
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16
Q

Epithelium in the salivary glands duct system

A
  1. Simple cuboidal epithelium
  2. Flat
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17
Q

LM: nucleus is near the cell apex; cytoplasm is acidophilic
EM: basal striations formed by membrane infolding and mitochondria
Function: transport water and ions; reabsorbing sodium and excreting potassium

A

Striated duct (secretory duct)

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18
Q

Branched acinar gland made entirely of serous acini with longer intercalated duct and striated duct to secrete products mainly containing salivary amylase

A

Parotid gland

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19
Q

Branched tubuloacinar gland that has a mixed component (mixed gland) with more serous acini and less mixed or mucous acini

A

Submandibular gland

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20
Q

Branched tubuloacinar gland with mainly mucous acini that exist without intercalated duct

A

Sublingual gland

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21
Q

Elongated organ having a head, body and tail with a capsule and septa of connective tissues; parenchyma organ with lobules

A

Pancreas

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22
Q

Pancreas divided into two portions

A
  1. Endocrine portion
  2. Exocrine portion
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23
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas

A

Contains entirely serous acini
- serous cells have basophilic basal cytoplasm
- rich in RER
- golgi complex
- zymogen granules in apical cytoplasm

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24
Q

Difference with pancreas and salivary glands

A
  • no myoepithelial cells
  • centroacinar cells are small, pale stained cells in the lumen of acini which are from cells of the intercalated ducts
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25
Q

Intralobular duct of the pancreatic gland is comprised of

A

Cuboidal

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26
Q

Interlobular duct of the pancreatic gland is comprised of

A

Columnar

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27
Q

Main pancreatic duct of the pancreatic gland is comprised of

A

High columnar with goblet cells

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28
Q

Function: exocrine portion of pancreatic gland

A
  1. Secrete pancreatic juice
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29
Q

When proenzymes are abnormally activated and digest the whole pancreas leading to very serious complications (not a bacterial infection; related more to alcoholism, gallstones, metabolic factors, infection, drugs)

A

Acute pancreatitis

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30
Q

Endocrine portion of the pancreas is called

A

Islet of Langerhans

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31
Q

Appears as a cluster of cells embedded within the exocrine portion and is more abundant in the tail of the pancreas
- cells are polygonal or rounded; lightly stained, arranged in cords separated by a network of fenestrated capillaries

A

Endocrine portion of Pancreatic Gland

32
Q

Major types of cells in immunology

A

A cells 20%
B cells 70%
D cells 5%
Others 5%

33
Q

B-cells produce the hormone

A

Insulin

34
Q

Function: Insulin

A

Decrease glucose content in blood

35
Q

A-cells produce the hormone

A

Glucagon

36
Q

Function: Glucagon

A

Increases glucose content in blood

37
Q

A-cells are located in the (Alpha cells)

A

Periphery

38
Q

B-cells are located in the (Beta cells)

A

Central region

39
Q

D-cells are located

A

Scattered

40
Q

D-cells produce the hormone (Delta cells)

A

Somatostatin

41
Q

Function: somatostatin

A

Prevents (inhibits) the release of pancreatic hormones including insulin, glucagon and gastrin and pancreatic enzymes that aid in digestion

42
Q

A disease in which the body’s production and use of insulin is impaired
As a result, the level of blood glucose is too high (hyperglycemia)

A

Diabetes Mellitus

43
Q

Most common types of diabetes

A
  1. Type I diabetes
  2. Type II diabetes
  3. Gestational diabetes
44
Q

Insulin- dependent and results from partial or total destruction of B-cells due to autoimmune disease. It occurs more in children (juvenile diabetes)

A

Type I diabetes

45
Q

Insulin-independent diabetes and is frequently associated with obesity. It occurs at a later stage in life

A

Type II diabetes

46
Q

Parenchymal organ having the Glission’s capsule and a hilum

A

Liver

47
Q

Parts of the liver lobule

A
  • central vein
  • liver plates formed by hepatocyte
  • liver sinusoid
  • others
48
Q

Basic structural unit of the portal area of liver

A
  • Interlobular arteries
  • Interlobular veins
  • Interlobular bile duct
49
Q

Function: liver

A
  1. Produce bile
  2. Lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism
  3. Inactivate and metabolize toxic substances and drugs
  4. Iron metabolites and synthesis of plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen)
50
Q

Basic structural unit of the liver that is a polygon shaped mass of tissue

A

Hepatic lobule

51
Q

Composition of liver lobule

A
  1. Central vein
  2. Liver plates
  3. Liver sinusoids
  4. Perisinusoidal space (space of Disse)
  5. Bile canaliculi
52
Q

Occupies the center of the liver lobule, lined by endothelium and a few connective tissues.
- receive blood drainage directly from the sinusoid

A

Central vein

53
Q

Composed of a single row of hepatocytes

A

Liver plates

54
Q
  • Form liver plates or liver cords
  • Polyhedral shape
  • Eosinophilic cytoplasm
  • 1 or 2 lathe rounded nuclei with 1 or 2 nucleoli
A

LM: Hepatocytes

55
Q

Probably the most versatile cell

A

Hepatocyte

56
Q

Function: hepatocytes (mitochondria)

A

Provide the energy

57
Q

Function: hepatocytes (RER)

A

Synthesize plasma proteins

58
Q

Function: hepatocytes (golgi complex)

A

Formation of bile and lipoprotein

59
Q

Function: hepatocytes (SER)

A
  • synthesize bile, triglyceride
60
Q

Function: hepatocytes (lysosomes)

A
  • Metabolism of hepatocytes and renewal of organelles
  • transport of bilirubin
  • storage of iron
61
Q

Under LM: Liver sinusoid is situated between the hepatic plates and is composed solely of

A

Endothelial cells

62
Q

Under EM: endothelial cells of liver sinusoid are

A
  • Thin
  • Discontinuous
  • Fenestrated
  • No basal lamina
63
Q

Located in the lumen of liver sinusoid which belong to mononuclear phagocytic system.
- irregular, phagocytic and contain a number of lysosomes

A

Kupffer cells

64
Q

Function: kupffer cells

A
  • Recognize and phagocytose aged erythrocytes, freeing heme and iron for reuse or storage in ferritin complexes.
  • Antigen-presenting cells
  • Remove any bacteria or debris present in the portal blood
65
Q

Space between endothelial cells and hepatocytes containing fluid similar to plasma, microvilli from the hepatocytes, reticular fibers and fat-storing cells

A

Space of Disse

66
Q

Function: space of Disse

A

Site of materials exchange between blood and hepatocytes

67
Q

Fat-storing cells are also called

A

Ito’s cells

68
Q

In chronically diseased liver, fat-storing cells are activated by factors released by hepatocytes and kupffer cells. The activated fat-storing cells proliferate and can produce many collagenous fibers and cause fibrosis and

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

69
Q
  • Formed by indented plasma membranes of opposing hepatocytes
  • Microvilli extend into canalicular lumen which contains bile (secretion of liver)
A

Bile canaliculi

70
Q

Common symptom of liver disease

A

Jaundice

71
Q

Interlobular veins are branches of the

A

Portal vein

72
Q

Interlobular arteries are branches of the

A

Hepatic artery

73
Q

Blood drains from the peripheral regions of the liver to the

A

Central part of the liver

74
Q

Discharge way of bile

A

Bile canaliculi —> Hering’s canals —> Interlobular bile ducts —> Hepatic duct —> common bile duct —> duodenum

*common bile duct —> gall bladder

75
Q

Three functional surfaces of hepatocyte

A
  1. Bile canaliculi
  2. Plasma
  3. Intercellular

Histology & Embryology🔬 (12 decks)

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