Urinary System Flashcards by Nanami Chan

consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one
urinary bladder, and one urethra

Urinary system

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The kidneys filter blood of wastes and excrete them into a fluid called

urine

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The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure by secreting this enzyme, which activates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone

renin

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The kidneys produce two hormones

Calcitriol and erythropoietin

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bean–shaped organs located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen. Because their position is posterior to the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity, the organs are said to be retroperitoneal

kidneys

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Near the center of the concave border is an
indentation called the _____ through which the ureter emerges from the kidney along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

hilum of the kidney

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a smooth, transparent sheet of collagen-rich connective tissue that is continuous with
the outer coat of the ureter. It serves as a barrier against trauma and helps maintain the shape of the kidney.

fibrous capsule

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A mass of fatty tissue surrounding the fibrous capsule. It also protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity

perirenal fat capsule

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a collagenous and elastic dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall

renal fascia

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A coronal section through the kidney reveals two distinct regions:

renal cortex and renal medulla

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The renal medulla consists of several cone-shaped structures

renal pyramid

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The base (wider end) of each pyramid faces
the renal cortex, and its apex (narrow end), called _____ , points toward the renal hilum of the kidney

renal papilla

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Renal cortex is divided into

outer cortical zone and an inner juxtamedullary zone

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portions of the renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids are called

renal columns

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The renal cortex and renal pyramids of the renal medulla constitute the __ or functional portion of the kidney

parenchyma

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Within the parenchyma are the functional units of the kidney—about 1 million microscopic structures in each kidney called

nephrons

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It is the expanded cavity of the hilum within the kidneys, which contains part of the renal
pelvis, the calyces, and branches of the renal blood vessels and nerves.

renal sinus

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PATH OF URINE DRAINAGE

Collecting duct — Papillary duct — minor calyx —- major calyx —- Renal pelvis — ureter —- urinary bladder

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Structure that delivers the 20 to 25% of the resting cardiac output to the kidneys

renal arteries

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Path of blood flow

Renal artery — segmental arteries — interlobar arteries — arcuate arteries — cortical radiate arteries — afferent glomerular arterioles — glomerular capillaries —efferent glomerular arteries — peritubular capillaries — peritubular veins — cortical radiate veins — arcuate veins — interlobar veins — renal veins

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functional units of the kidneys

Nephrons

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Two parts of the nephrons

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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Part of the nephrons where blood plasma is filtered

renal corpuscle

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two components of a renal corpuscle

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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Also known as Bowman’s capsule. It is a double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

Glomerular capsule

Three sections of renal tubule

(1) Proximal convoluted tubule, (2) Nephron loop (loop of Henle), and (3) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

part of the tubule attached to the glomerular capsule

PCT

About 80–85% of the nephrons are

cortical nephrons

The other 15–20% of the nephrons are

juxtamedullary nephrons

the ascending limb of the nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons consists of two portions:

thin ascending limb and a thick ascending limb

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is consists of modified simple squamous epithelial cells called

podocytes

DCT has two different cell types which are the

principal cells and intercalated cells

Cells which have receptors for both antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

principal cells

Cells that play a role in the homeostasis of blood pH.

Intercalated cells

The three basic processes by the nephrons and collecting ducts to produce urine

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

first step of urine production, water and most solutes in blood plasma move across the wall of glomerular capillaries, where they are filtered and move into the glomerular capsule and then into the renal tubule

Glomerular filtration

The water and solutes return to the blood as it flows through the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

Tubular reabsorption

the renal tubule and duct cells secrete other materials, such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions, into the fluid.

Tubular secretion

Fluid can leak between the cells in a passive process known as

paracellular reabsorption

A substance passes from the fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane of a tubule cell, across the cytosol, and out into interstitial fluid through the basolateral membrane.

transcellular reabsorption

Which measures the blood nitrogen that is part of the urea resulting from catabolism and deamination of amino acids.

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test

The volume of blood that is “cleaned” or cleared of a substance per unit of time, usually expressed in units of milliliters per minute

Renal plasma clearance

Main solutes in the urine

Urea, urobilinogen, creatine phosphate, uric acid

transports urine from the renal pelvis of one kidney to the urinary bladder

ureters

Motion that push urine toward the urinary bladder

Peristaltic contractions

In the floor of the urinary bladder is a small triangular area called the

Trigone

Surrounding the mucosa is the intermediate muscular layer, also called the ____, which consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibers: the inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal layers

detrusor muscle

Around the opening to the urethra the circular fibers form an internal urethral sphincter; inferior to it is the external urethral sphincter, which is composed of

skeletal muscle

Discharge of urine from the urinary bladder, called

micturition

When the volume of urine in the urinary bladder exceeds 200–400 mL, pressure within the bladder increases considerably, and stretch receptors in its wall transmit nerve impulses into the spinal cord. These impulses propagate to the micturition center in sacral spinal cord segments S2 and S3 and trigger a spinal reflex called the

micturition reflex.

Inflammation of the urinary bladder, frequently caused by the bacterium E. coli.

Cystitis

The male urethra, which also consists of a deep mucosa and a superficial muscular layer, is subdivided into three anatomical regions:

(1) The prostatic urethra passes through the prostate. (2) The membranous urethra, the shortest portion, passes through the deep perineal muscles of the perineum. (3) The spongy urethra, the longest portion, passes through the penis

The prostatic urethra contains the openings

(1) ducts that transport secretions from the prostate and (2) the seminal glands and ductus (vas) deferens

The openings of ducts of this gland empty into the spongy urethra

bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s glands

A lack of voluntary control over micturition is called

Urinary Incontinence

There are four types of urinary incontinence

stress, urge, overflow, and functional

the most common type of incontinence in young and middle- aged females, and results from weakness of the deep muscles of the pelvic floor. As a result, any physical stress that increases abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, straining, lifting heavy objects, and pregnancy, causes leakage of urine from the urinary bladder

Stress incontinence

most common in older people and is characterized by an abrupt and intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine

Urge incontinence

Refers to the involuntary leakage of small amounts of urine caused by some type of blockage or weak contractions of the musculature of the urinary bladder

Overflow incontinence

urine loss resulting from the inability to get to a toilet facility in time as a result of conditions such as stroke, severe arthritis, or Alzheimer’s disease.

Functional incontinence

Drainage tube that transports stored urine from body.

Urethra

Storage organ that temporarily stores urine until convenient to discharge from body

Urinary bladder

Regulate blood volume and composition, help regulate blood pressure, synthesize glucose, release erythropoietin, participate in vitamin D synthesis, excrete wastes in urine.

Kidneys

Starting in the third week of fetal development, this portion of the mesoderm along the posterior aspect of the embryo, differentiates into the kidneys

intermediate mesoderm

Intermediate mesoderm is located in paired elevations called

urogenital ridges

Three pairs of kidneys form within the intermediate mesoderm in succession:

pronephros, the mesonephros, and the metanephros

The first kidney to form; the most superior of the three and has an associated pronephric duct

pronephros

pronephric duct empties into the expanded terminal part of the hindgut, which functions as a common outlet for the urinary, digestive, and reproductive ducts.

cloaca

The second kidney; replaces the pronephros

mesonephrons

ultimate kidney, develops from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm

metanephros

collecting ducts, calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter form from

ureteric bud

The metanephric mesoderm forms the

nephrons

The urinary bladder develops from the

urogenital sinus

only one kidney develops (usually the right) due to the absence of a ureteric bud

unilateral renal agenesis

the hilum faces anteriorly, posteriorly, or laterally instead of medially

malrotated kidneys

one or both kidneys may be in an abnormal position, usually inferior

ectopic kidney

the fusion of the two kidneys, usually inferiorly, into a single U-shaped kidney

horseshoe kidney

The crystals of salts present in urine occasionally precipitate and solidify into insoluble stones (kidney stones)

renal calculi

used to describe either an infection of a part of the urinary system or the presence of large numbers of microbes in urine.

urinary tract infection (UTI)

inflammation of the kidneys

pyelonephritis

is an inflammation of the kidney that involves the glomeruli.

Glomerulonephritis

A condition characterized by proteinuria, protein in the urine, and hyperlipidemia, high blood levels of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides.

Nephrotic syndrome

This occurs in nephrotic syndrome because loss of albumin from the blood decreases blood colloid osmotic pressure

edema

A decrease or cessation of glomerular filtration

Renal failure

the kidney tubules become riddled with hundreds or thousands of cysts

Polycystic Kidney Disease

a very important procedure for direct examination of the mucosa of the urethra and urinary bladder and prostate in males; useful for evaluating urinary bladder problems such as cancer and infections.

Cystoscopy

Excessive urine formation. It may occur in conditions such as diabetes mellitus and glomerulonephritis

polyuria

the kidneys abruptly stop working entirely (or almost entirely). Its main feature is the suppression of urine flow, usually characterized either by oliguria daily urine output between 50 mL and 250 mL, or by anuria, daily urine output less than 50 mL.

acute renal failure

refers to a progressive and usually irreversible decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Chronic renal failure (CRF)