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ANAPHY > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor of the suprarenal gland that liberates excessive androgens, causing virilism (masculinization) in females

A

Virilizing adenoma

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2
Q

A severe state of hyperthyroidism that can be life-threatening. It is characterized by high body temperature, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, digestive canal symptoms (abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea), agitation, tremors, confusion, seizures, and possibly coma.

A

Thyroid crisis (storm)

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3
Q

Excessive development of mammary glands in a male.

A

Gynecomastia

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4
Q

The thyroid gland often decreases its output of thyroid hormones with age, causing a ____ in metabolic rate, an _____ in body fat,

A

decrease; increase

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5
Q

With aging, the blood level of PTH _____

A

rises

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6
Q

The resultant decreased output of estrogens leads to conditions such as

A

osteoporosis, high blood cholesterol, and atherosclerosis

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7
Q

The most common abnormality associated with dysfunction of the posterior pituitary is

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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8
Q

due to defects in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) receptors or an inability to secrete ADH; excretion of large volumes of urine, with resulting dehydration and thirst. Bed-wetting is common in afflicted children

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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9
Q

types of diabetes Insipidus

A

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus; nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

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10
Q

hyposecretion of thyroid hormones that is present at birth, has devastating consequences if not treated promptly. Previously termed cretinism, this condition causes severe mental retardation and stunted bone growth

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

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11
Q

Hypothyroidism during the adult years produces _____, which occurs about five times more often in females than in males. A hallmark of this disorder is edema (accumulation of interstitial fluid) that causes the facial tissues to swell and look puff

A

myxedema

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12
Q

The most common form of hyperthyroidism; autoimmune disorder in which the person produces antibodies that mimic the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

A

Graves′ disease (ophthalmic hyperthyroidism)

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13
Q

Graves′ patients often have a peculiar edema behind the eyes, called

A

exophthalmos

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14
Q

leads to a deficiency of blood Ca2+, which causes neurons and muscle fibers to depolarize and produce action potentials spontaneously. This leads to twitches, spasms, and tetany (maintained contraction) of skeletal muscle.

A

tetany

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15
Q

An elevated level of PTH causes excessive resorption of bone matrix, raising the blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions and causing bones to become soft and easily fractured.

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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15
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol by the suprarenal cortex produces; characterized by breakdown of muscle proteins and redistribution of body fat, resulting in spindly arms and legs accompanied by a rounded “moon face,” “buffalo hump” on the back, and pendulous (hanging) abdomen

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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16
Q

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone causes; The skin may have a “bronzed” appearance that often is mistaken for a suntan.

A

Addison’s disease (chronic adrenocortical insufficiency).

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17
Q

Usually benign tumors of the chromaffin cells of the suprarenal medulla _______ cause hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A

Pheochromocytomas

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18
Q

is a chronic disorder in which the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin or body cells do not use insulin properly

A

Diabetes mellitus

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19
Q

is an autoimmune disease in which insulin level is low because the person’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the producers of insulin; called insulin-dependent diabetes; juvenile-onset diabetes because it usually occurs in people under 20 years of age

A

type 1 diabetes

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20
Q

noninsulin-dependent diabetes or adult-onset diabetes and is the more common type of diabetes and typically occurs in individuals who are over 40 and who are overweight. In these people, body cells become resistant to insulin. As a result, the pancreas has to work harder to produce more insulin. This damages beta cells and therefore insulin production decreases

A

Type 2 diabetes

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21
Q

A variety of stressful conditions or noxious agents elicit a similar sequence of bodily changes. These changes, called the

A

stress response or general adaptation syndrome (GAS), are controlled mainly by the hypothalamus

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22
Q

The stress response occurs in three stages:

A

(1) an initial fight-or-flight response,
(2) a slower resistance reaction,
(3) exhaustion

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23
Q

initiated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), including the suprarenal medulla, quickly mobilizes the body’s resources for immediate physical activity

A

fight-or-flight response

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24
Q

nonessential body functions such as digestive, urinary, and reproductive activities are inhibited

A

fight-or-flight response

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25
Q

causes the kidneys to retain Na+, which
leads to water retention and elevated blood pressure

A

Aldosterone

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26
Q

is initiated in large part by hypothalamic releasing hormones and is a longer-lasting response. The hormones involved are corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Resistance Reaction

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27
Q

stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH, which in turn stimulates the suprarenal cortex to increase release of cortisol.

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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28
Q

stimulates gluconeogenesis by liver cells, breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids (lipolysis), and catabolism of proteins into amino acids. Tissues throughout the body can use the resulting glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP or to repair damaged cells.

A

Cortisol

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29
Q

causes the anterior pituitary to secrete growth hormone (GH) in liver

A

growth hormone–releasing hormone

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30
Q

stimulates lipolysis and glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, in the
liver

A

insulinlike growth factors

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31
Q

stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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32
Q

promotes secretion of thyroid hormones, which stimulate the increased use of glucose for ATP production

A

TSH

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33
Q

the resistance stage fails to combat the stressor, and the body moves into the state

A

Exhaustion

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34
Q

stimulate the hypothalamus to initiate the stress response through the fight-or-flight response and the resistance reaction

A

Stressors

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35
Q

Stress responses
Lipolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Protein catabolism
Sensitized blood vessels
Reduced inflammation

A

promoted by cortisol

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36
Q

a substance secreted by macrophages of the
immune system, is an important link between stress and immunity. One action of this is to stimulate secretion of ACTH, which in turn stimulates the production of cortisol.

A

Interleukin-1

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37
Q

an anxiety disorder that may develop in an individual who has experienced, witnessed, or learned about a physically or psychologically distressing event

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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38
Q

pituitary gland begins to develop from two different regions of the

A

ectoderm

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39
Q

posterior pituitary is derived from an outgrowth of ectoderm called the

A

neurohypophyseal bud

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40
Q

The anterior pituitary is derived from an invagination of ectoderm from the roof of the mouth called the

A

hypophyseal pouch or Rathke’s pouch.

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41
Q

The thyroid gland develops during the fourth week as a midventral outgrowth of endoderm

A

thyroid diverticulum, from the floor of the pharynx at the level of the second pair of pharyngeal pouches

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42
Q

The parathyroid glands develop during the fourth week from endoderm as outgrowths from

A

third and fourth pharyngeal pouches

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43
Q

The suprarenal cortex is derived from the same region of

A

mesoderm that produces the gonads

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44
Q

The suprarenal medulla is derived from

A

ectoderm from neural crest cells that migrate to the superior pole of the kidney

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45
Q

neural crest cells also give rise to

A

sympathetic ganglia and other structures of the nervous system

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46
Q

pancreas develops during the fifth through seventh weeks from two outgrowths of

A

endoderm from the part of the foregut that later becomes the duodenum

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47
Q

The pineal gland arises during the seventh week as an outgrowth between the thalamus and colliculi of the midbrain from

A

ectoderm associated with the diencephalon

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48
Q

The thymus arises during the fifth week from

A

endoderm of the third pharyngeal pouches

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49
Q

Two families of eicosanoid molecules that are found in virtually all body cells except red blood cells, where they act as local hormones (paracrines or autocrines) in response to chemical or mechanical stimuli.

A

prostaglandins (PGs) and the leukotrienes (LTs)

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50
Q

is a modified PG that constricts blood vessels and promotes platelet activation.

A

Thromboxane (TX)

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51
Q

stimulate chemotaxis (attraction to a chemical stimulus) of white blood cells and mediate inflammation

A

Leukotrienes

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52
Q

alter smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretions, blood flow, reproductive processes, platelet function, respiration, nerve impulse transmission, lipid metabolism, and immune responses. They also have roles in promoting inflammation and fever, and in intensifying pain.

A

prostaglandins

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53
Q

found in the skin that plays a role in the synthesis of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D.

A

Cholecalciferol

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54
Q

Found in the Digestive canal that promotes secretion of gastric juice; increases movements of the stomach.

A

Gastrin

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55
Q

Found in the Digestive canal which stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells

A

Glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

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56
Q

Found in the digestive canal which stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile

A

Secretin

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57
Q

Found in the digestive canal which stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice; regulates release of bile from gallbladder; causes feeling of fullness after eating

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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58
Q

In the placenta: Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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59
Q

In the placenta: Maintain pregnancy; help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk.

A

Estrogens and progesterone

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60
Q

In the placenta: Stimulates development of mammary glands for lactation.

A

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)

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61
Q

From the kidneys: Part of reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about
vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone.

A

Renin

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62
Q

From the kidneys: Increases rate of red blood cell formation.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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63
Q

From the kidneys: Aids in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus

A

Calcitriol

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64
Q

From the heart: Decreases blood pressure.

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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65
Q

from the adipose tissue: Suppresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity

A

Leptin

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66
Q

inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), a key enzyme involved in prostaglandin synthesis

A

Aspirin and related nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Motrin®)

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67
Q

GF: Produced in submaxillary (salivary) glands; stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons, and astrocytes; suppresses some cancer cells and secretion of gastric juice by stomach

A

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

68
Q

GF: Produced in blood platelets; stimulates proliferation of neuroglia, smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts; appears to have role in wound healing; may contribute to atherosclerosis development

A

platelet- derived growth factor (PDGF)

69
Q

GF: Found in pituitary gland and brain; stimulates proliferation of many cells derived from embryonic mesoderm (fibroblasts, adrenocortical cells, smooth muscle fibers, chondrocytes, and endothelial cells); stimulates formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis).

A

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

70
Q

GF: Produced in submandibular (salivary) glands and hippocampus of brain; stimulates growth of ganglia in embryo; maintains sympathetic nervous system; stimulates hypertrophy and differentiation of neurons.

A

Nerve growth factor (NGF)

71
Q

Produced by normal and tumor cells; stimulate growth of new capillaries, organ regeneration, and wound healing.

A

tumor angiogenesis factors (TAFs)

72
Q

Produced by various cells as separate molecules: TGF- alpha has activities similar to epidermal growth factor; TGF- beta inhibits proliferation of many cell types.

A

transforming growth factors (TGFs)

73
Q

Together with gonadotropic hormones of anterior pituitary (LH and FSH), regulate female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, and promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.

A

Estrogens and progesterone

74
Q

Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy; helps dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery.

A

Relaxin

75
Q

Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary.

A

Inhibin

76
Q

Stimulates descent of testes before birth; regulates sperm production; promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.

A

testosterone

77
Q

Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary.

A

Inhibin

78
Q

a small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline

A

pineal gland

79
Q

The gland consists of masses of neuroglia and secretory cells called

A

pinealocytes

80
Q

appears to contribute to the setting of the body’s biological clock, which is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Melatonin

81
Q

is a type of depression that afflicts some people during the winter months, when day length is short. It is thought to be due, in part, to overproduction of melatonin.

A

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

82
Q

Roughly 99% of the cells of the pancreas are
exocrine cells arranged in clusters called___; produce digestive enzymes, which flow into the digestive canal through a network of ducts.

A

pancreatic acini

83
Q

is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.

A

pancreas

84
Q

Scattered among the pancreatic acini are 1–2 million tiny clusters of endocrine cells called

A

pancreatic islets

85
Q

constitute about 17% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete glucagon

A

alpha or A cells

86
Q

constitute about 7% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete somatostatin

A

Delta or D cells

86
Q

constitute about 70% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete insulin

A

Beta or B cells

86
Q

constitute the remainder of pancreatic islet cells and secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

pancreatic polypeptide cells

87
Q

acts in a paracrine manner to inhibit both insulin and glucagon release from neighboring beta and alpha cells. It may also act as a circulating hormone to slow absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract; inhibits the secretion of growth hormone

A

Somatostatin

88
Q

inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas.

A

pancreatic polypeptide

89
Q

The level of blood glucose controls secretion of glucagon and insulin

A

negative feedback

90
Q

Glucagon acts on hepatocytes (liver cells) to accelerate the conversion of glycogen into glucose

A

glycogenolysis

91
Q

formation of glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids

A

gluconeogenesis

92
Q

glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

93
Q

glucose into glycogen

A

glycogenesis

94
Q

Insulin secretion is also stimulated by

A

Acetylcholine
The amino acids arginine and leucine
Glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

95
Q

Glucagon secretion is stimulated by

A

Increased activity of the sympathetic part of the ANS, as occurs during exercise

rise in blood amino acids if blood glucose level is low

96
Q

indirectly stimulate secretion of insulin because they act to elevate blood glucose.

A

growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone

97
Q

Control of Secretion: Decreased blood level of glucose, exercise, and mainly protein meals stimulate secretion; somatostatin and insulin inhibit secretion.

A

Glucagon

98
Q

Principal Action: Raises blood glucose level by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver (glycogenolysis), converting other nutrients into glucose in liver (gluconeogenesis), and releasing glucose into blood.

A

Glucagon

99
Q

Cell Types in the Pancreatic Islets

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta
F cells

100
Q

Control of Secretion: Increased blood level of glucose, acetylcholine (released by parasympathetic vagus nerve fibers), arginine and leucine (two amino acids), glucagon, GIP, GH, and ACTH stimulate secretion; somatostatin inhibits secretion.

A

Insulin

101
Q

Principal actions: Lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis), and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis.

A

Insulin

102
Q

Control of Secretion: Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits secretion

A

Somatostatin

103
Q

Principal action: Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon; slows absorption of nutrients from digestive canal.

A

Somatostatin

104
Q

Control of Secretion: Meals containing protein, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia stimulate secretion; somatostatin and elevated blood glucose level inhibit secretion.

A

pancreatic polypeptide

105
Q

Principal Action: Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes.

A

pancreatic polypeptide

106
Q

comprising 80–90% of the supradrenal gland

A

suprarenal cortex

107
Q

produces steroid hormones that are essential for life.

A

suprarenal cortex

108
Q

produces three catecholamine hormones— norepinephrine, epinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine

A

suprarenal medulla

109
Q

suprarenal cortex is subdivided into three zones

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

110
Q

secrete hormones called mineralocorticoids; affect mineral homeostasis.

A

zona glomerulosa

111
Q

secrete mainly glucocorticoids; affect glucose
homeostasis

A

zona fasciculata

112
Q

synthesize small amounts of weak androgens

A

zona reticularis

113
Q

major mineralocorticoid. It regulates homeostasis of two mineral ions— namely, sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+)—and helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume. Also promotes excretion of H+ in the urine; this removal of acids from the body can help prevent acidosis (blood pH below 7.35)

A

aldosterone

114
Q

controls secretion of aldosterone

A

renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) pathway

115
Q

Stimuli that initiate the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone pathway

A

dehydration, Na+deficiency, or hemorrhage

116
Q

Lowered blood pressure stimulates certain cells of the kidneys, called juxtaglomerular cells, to secrete the enzyme

A

renin

117
Q

As blood flows through capillaries, particularly those of the lungs, the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)converts angiotensin I

A

angiotensin II

118
Q

stimulates the suprarenal cortex to secrete
aldosterone

A

angiotensin II

119
Q

With increased water reabsorption by the kidneys, blood volume

A

increases

120
Q

Glucocorticoids have the following effects

A

Protein breakdown
Glucose formation
Lipolysis
Resistance to stress
Anti- inflammatory effects
Depression of immune responses

121
Q

For this reason, glucocorticoids are prescribed for organ transplant recipients to retard tissue rejection by the immune system

A

Depression of immune responses

122
Q

Control of glucocorticoid secretion occurs via a typical

A

negative feedback system

123
Q

Low blood levels of glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol, stimulate neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete

A

corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH)

124
Q

major androgen secreted by the suprarenal gland is

A

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

125
Q

A high level of CRH and a low level of glucocorticoids promote the release

A

ACTH

126
Q

stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair in boys and girls and contribute to the prepubertal growth spurt.

A

Suprarenal androgens

127
Q

genetic disorder in which one or more enzymes needed for synthesis of cortisol are absent. Because the cortisol level is low, secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary is high due to lack of negative feedback inhibition. ACTH in turn stimulates growth and secretory activity of the suprarenal cortex. As a result, both suprarenal glands are enlarged.

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

128
Q

The inner region of the suprarenal gland s a modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

A

suprarenal medulla

129
Q

The hormone-producing cells, called___ are are innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the ANS

A

chromaffin cells

130
Q

The two major hormones synthesized by the suprarenal medulla are

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)

131
Q

Control of Secretion: Increased blood K+
level and angiotensin II stimulate secretion.

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

132
Q

principal actions: Increase blood levels of Na+
and water; decrease blood level of K+

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

133
Q

Control of Secretion: ACTH stimulates release; corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) promotes ACTH secretion in response to stress and low blood levels of glucocorticoids.

A

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

134
Q

principal actions: Increase protein breakdown (except in liver), stimulate gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation, depress immune responses.

A

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

135
Q

Control of Secretion: ACTH stimulates secretion

A

androgens (mainly dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA)

136
Q

principal actions: Assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes; in females, contribute to libido and are source of estrogens after menopause.

A

androgens (mainly dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA)

137
Q

Suprarenal cortex hormones

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
Androgens (mainly dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA)

138
Q

Suprarenal medulla hormones

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

139
Q

CoS: Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, which stimulates secretion.

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

140
Q

PA: Enhance effects of sympathetic part of autonomic nervous system during stress

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

141
Q

from dense principal parathyroid cells

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

142
Q

CoS: Low blood Ca2+ levels stimulate secretion; high blood Ca2+ levels inhibit secretion.

A

PTH

142
Q

PA: Increases blood Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels and
decreases blood HPO42− level; increases bone resorption by osteoclasts; increases Ca2+ reabsorption and HPO42− excretion by kidneys; promotes formation of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D), which increases rate of dietary Ca2+ and Mg2+ absorption.

A

PTH

143
Q

few cells called C thyrocytes (parafollicular cells) produces

A

calcitonin

144
Q

CS: Secretion is increased by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates release of thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to low thyroid hormone levels, low metabolic rate, cold, pregnancy, and high altitudes; TRH and TSH secretions are inhibited in response to high thyroid hormone levels; high iodine level suppresses T3/T4 secretion.

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) or thyroid hormones from follicular cells

145
Q

PA: Increase basal metabolic rate; stimulate synthesis of proteins; increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production; increase lipolysis; enhance cholesterol excretion; accelerate body growth; contribute to development of nervous system

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) or thyroid hormones from follicular cells

146
Q

CS: High blood Ca2+ levels stimulate secretion; low blood Ca2+ levels inhibit secretion.

A

Calcitonin (CT)

147
Q

PA: Lowers blood levels of Ca2+ and HPO42− by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix

A

Calcitonin (CT)

148
Q

As cells produce and use more ATP, BMR increases, more heat is given off, and body temperature rises, a phenomenon called the

A

calorigenic effect

149
Q

CS: Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete OT in response to uterine distension and stimulation of nipples.

A

Oxytocin (OT)

150
Q

PA: Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth; stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection

A

Oxytocin (OT)

151
Q

CS: Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete ADH in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume, pain, or stress; inhibitors of ADH secretion include low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume, and alcohol

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

152
Q

PA: Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume; decreases water loss through perspiration; raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

153
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

OT and ADH

154
Q

The neuronal cell bodies of both the paraventricular and the supraoptic nuclei synthesize the hormones

A

OT and ADH

155
Q

The axon terminals in the posterior pituitary are associated with specialized neuroglia called

A

pituicytes

156
Q

Blood is supplied to the posterior pituitary by the

A

Inferior hypophyseal arteries, which branch from the internal carotid arteries.

157
Q

In the posterior pituitary, the inferior hypophyseal arteries drain into the

A

capillary plexus of the infundibular stalk

158
Q

FIVE types of anterior pituitary cells

A

somatotrophic cells
thyrotrophic cells
gonadotrophic cells,
prolactin cells
corticotrophic cells

159
Q

epinephrine alone only weakly stimulates lipolysis (the breakdown of triglycerides), but when small amounts of thyroid hormones (T3
and T4) are present, the same amount of epinephrine stimulates lipolysis much more powerfully

A

permissive effect

160
Q

target cells require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone

A

permissive effect

161
Q

both glucagon and epinephrine increase the blood glucose concentration by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in liver cells. When both hormones are present, the increase in blood glucose concentration is greater than the sum of the individual hormone responses.

A

synergistic effect

162
Q

bind to receptors that protrude from the target-cell surface. The receptors are integral transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane

A

water-soluble hormones

163
Q

bind to receptors within target cells

A

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

164
Q

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

A

steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
nitric oxide
eicosanoid hormones

165
Q

The water-soluble hormones

A

amine hormones
protein and peptide hormones

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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