Brain and cranial nerves

Question 1

develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles.

Answer 1

telencephalon

Question 2

forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and third ventricle

Answer 2

diencephalon

Question 3

midbrain, gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct of the midbrain

Answer 3

mesencephalon

Question 4

pons, cerebellum, and upper part of the fourth
ventricle

Answer 4

metencephalon

Question 5

medulla oblongata and lower part of the fourth
ventricle

Answer 5

myelencephalon

Question 6

adult brain consists of four major parts

Answer 6

brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum

Question 7

Three extensions of the dura mater separate parts of the brain:

Answer 7

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

Question 8

consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial cells of brain blood
capillaries and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries

Answer 8

blood–brain barrier (BBB)

Question 9

is a clear, colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries.

Answer 9

CSF

Question 10

The total volume of CSF

Answer 10

80 to 150 ml

Question 11

Anteriorly, the lateral ventricles are separated by a thin membrane, the

Answer 11

septum pellucidum

Question 12

is a narrow, slitlike cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus

Answer 12

third ventricle

Question 13

The majority of CSF production is from the

Answer 13

choroid plexuses

Question 14

permits certain substances to enter the CSF but excludes others, protecting the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful blood-borne substances.

Answer 14

blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier

Question 15

The CSF formed in the choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows into the third ventricle through two narrow, oval openings, the

Answer 15

interventricular foramina

Question 16

CSF enters the subarachnoid space through three openings in the roof of the fourth ventricle:

Answer 16

single median aperture (AP-er-chur) and paired lateral apertures,

Question 17

CSF is gradually reabsorbed into the blood through

Answer 17

arachnoid granulations

Question 18

Elevated CSF pressure causes a condition called

Answer 18

Hydrocephalus

Question 19

Some of the white matter forms bulges on the anterior aspect of the medulla; formed by the large corticospinal tracts that pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

Answer 19

pyramids

Question 20

90% of the axons in the left pyramid cross
to the right side, and 90% of the axons in the right pyramid cross to the left side.

Answer 20

decussation of pyramids

Question 21

caused by spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm (a muscle of breathing) that ultimately result in the production of a sharp sound on inhalation

Answer 21

Hiccupping

Question 22

Just lateral to each pyramid is an oval-shaped swelling called an

Answer 22

olive

Question 23

receives input from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the midbrain, and spinal cord; provides instructions that the cerebellum uses to make adjustments to muscle activity as you learn new motor skills

Answer 23

Inferior olivary nucleus

Question 24

Nuclei associated with sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception are located

Answer 24

posterior part of the medulla. These nuclei are the right and left gracile nucleus (GRAS-il = slender) and cuneate nucleus

Question 25

The axons ascend to the thalamus in a band of white matter called the

Answer 25

medial lemniscus

Question 26

The tracts of the posterior funiculi and the axons of the medial lemniscus are collectively known as the

Answer 26

posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway.

Question 27

the medulla contains nuclei associated with the following five pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 27

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves Vagus (X) nerves Accessory (XI) nerves (cranial portion) Hypoglossal (XII) nerves

Question 27

lies directly superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum; a bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another

Answer 27

pons

Question 28

The pons also contains nuclei associated with the following four pairs of cranial nerves.

Answer 28

Trigeminal (V) nerves Abducens (VI) nerves Facial (VII) nerves. Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves.

Question 29

The ventral region of the pons forms a large synaptic relay station consisting of scattered gray centers called the

Answer 29

pontine nuclei

Question 30

The anterior part of the midbrain contains paired bundles of axons known as the__; consist of axons of the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts, which conduct nerve impulses from motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons, respectively

Answer 30

cerebral peduncles

Question 31

serve as reflex centers for certain visual activities; also responsible for reflexes that govern movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli.

Answer 31

superior colliculi

Question 32

part of the auditory pathway, relaying impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear to the brain. These two nuclei are also reflex centers for the startle reflex, sudden movements of the head, eyes, and trunk that occur when you are surprised by a loud noise such as a gunshot

Answer 32

inferior colliculi

Question 33

midbrain are associated with two pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 33

Oculomotor (III) nerves. Trochlear (IV) nerves.

Question 34

The ascending portion of the reticular formation is called the; prevents sensory overload

Answer 34

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 35

The descending portion of the RAS has connections to the cerebellum and spinal cord and helps regulate; also assists in the regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate

Answer 35

muscle tone

Question 36

inferior surface contributes to equilibrium and balance.

Answer 36

flocculonodular lobe

Question 37

Deep to the gray matter are tracts of white matter called

Answer 37

arbor vitae

Question 38

regions of gray matter that give rise to axons carrying impulses from the cerebellum to other brain centers

Answer 38

cerebellar nuclei

Question 39

peduncles contain axons that extend from the cerebellum to the red nuclei of the midbrain and to several nuclei of the thalamus

Answer 39

superior cerebellar peduncles

Question 40

are the largest peduncles; their axons carry impulses for voluntary movements from the pontine nuclei (which receive input from motor areas of the cerebral cortex) into the cerebellum

Answer 40

middle cerebellar peduncles

Question 41

Damage to the cerebellum can result in an inability to coordinate muscular movements, a condition called

Answer 41

ataxia

Question 42

major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory cortex of the cerebrum from the spinal cord and brainstem

Answer 42

thalamus

Question 43

are involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors such as a loved one’s cologne or Mom’s chocolate chip cookies baking in the oven.

Answer 43

habenular nuclei