Blood Flashcards
1
Q
three interrelated components of the CVS
A
blood, heart and blood vessels
2
Q
The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is
A
hematology
3
Q
a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix
A
Blood
4
Q
The extracellular matrix is called
A
blood plasma
5
Q
the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood.
A
interstitial fluid
6
Q
Blood has three general functions:
A
transportation, regulation, and protection
7
Q
The temperature of blood is
A
38°C (100.4°F)
8
Q
Blood pH
A
7.35 to 7.45 (average = 7.4)
9
Q
laboratory analysis of the components of
blood
A
blood test
10
Q
This is one of the most common blood tests and is often done as part of a regular checkup. It measures the number and size of red blood
cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; the number and percentage of each type of white blood cell in a sample of 100 cells (differential white blood cell count); and the number of platelets
A
Complete blood count
11
Q
This refers to a group of tests that measure the levels of different chemicals in blood
A
Basic metabolic panel
12
Q
These tests are used to determine the levels and activity of certain enzymes as indicators of
organ damage.
A
Blood enzyme tests
13
Q
higher levels of creatine kinase and troponin indicate
A
damage to the heart and skeletal muscles
14
Q
higher levels of ALT and AST indicate
A
liver damage
15
Q
These are several tests that assess the risk of heart disease. Among the blood components measured are total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides
A
Lipoprotein panel
16
Q
color of saturated with oxygen
A
bright red
17
Q
The blood volume in adult male
A
5 to 6 liters (1.5 gal)
18
Q
The blood volume in adult female
A
4 to 5 liters
19
Q
Several hormones, regulated by negative feedback, ensure that blood volume and osmotic pressure remain relatively constant. Especially important are the hormone
A
aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide
20
Q
Whole blood has two components:
A
blood plasma and formed elements
21
Q
% of blood plasma in blood
A
55%
22
Q
% of formed elements
A
45%
23
Q
99% of the formed elements are
A
RBCs
24
Q
Some of the proteins in blood plasma are also found elsewhere in the body, but those confined to blood are called
A
blood plasma protein
25
Hepatocytes (liver cells) synthesize most of the blood plasma proteins, which include the
albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
26
Certain blood cells develop into plasmocytes that produce gamma globulins, an important type of globulin. These blood plasma proteins are also called
antibodies or immunoglobins
27
The formed elements of the blood include three principal components:
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
28
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called the
hematocrit
29
The normal range of hematocrit for adult females
38% to 46%
30
The normal range of hematocrit for adult males
40 to 54%
31
This hormone is present in much higher concentration in males than in females, stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO), the hormone that in turn stimulates production of RBCs.
testosterone
32
the percentage of RBCs is abnormally high, and
the hematocrit may be 65% or higher
polycythemia
33
The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called
hemopoiesis
34
Blood from nutrient and metaphyseal arteries enters a bone and passes into the enlarged and leaky capillaries, called
sinuses
35
In order to form blood cells, multipotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce two further types of stem cells, which have the capacity to develop into several types of cells. These
stem cells are called
myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem
cells
36
stem cells begin their development in red bone marrow and give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.
myeloid stem cells
37
stem cells, which give rise to lymphocytes, begin their development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphoid tissues
lymphoid stem cells
38
Red blood cells live only about
120 days
39
Erythropoiesis, the production of RBCs, starts in the red bone marrow with a precursor cell called a
proerythroblast
40
a cell near the end of the development sequence ejects its nucleus and becomes
reticulocyte
41
may occur if too little oxygen enters the blood
hypoxia
42
artificially induced polycythemia
blood doping
43
Granular leukocytes include
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
44
Agranulocytes include
lymphocytes and monocytes
45
monocytes and granular leukocytes develop from
myeloid stem cells
46
lymphocytes develop from
lymphoid stem cells
47
Because the granules do not strongly attract
either the acidic (red) or basic (blue) stain, these WBCs are neutrophilic
neutrophils
48
Because older neutrophils thus have several differently shaped nuclear lobes, they are often called
polymorphonuclear leukocytes, polymorphs or polyps
49
The granules are smaller than those of other
granular leukocytes, evenly distributed, and pale lilac
neutrophils
50
The large, uniform-sized granules within an
eosinophilic (= eosin-loving)—they stain red-orange with acidic dyes
eosinophil
51
The round, variable-sized granules are basophilic (= basic loving)—they stain blue-purple with basic dyes
basophilic
52
Its nucleus stains dark and is round or slightly indented. The cytoplasm stains sky blue and forms a rim around the nucleus
lymphocytes
53
Its nucleus is usually kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, and the cytoplasm is blue-gray and has a foamy appearance
monocyte
54
These “cell identity markers” are unique for each person (except identical twins).
major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens,
55
an increase in the number of WBCs above 10,000/μL, is a normal protective response to stresses such as invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery
leukocytosis
56
An abnormally low level of white blood cells (below 5000/μL) is termed
leukopenia
57
RBCs are contained within the bloodstream, but WBCs leave the bloodstream by a process termed
emigration or diapedesis
58
Neutrophils and macrophages are active in
phagocytosis
59
They are believed to release enzymes, such as histaminase, that combat the effects of histamine and other substances involved in inflammation during allergic reactions
eosinophils
60
phagocytize antigen–antibody complexes and are effective against certain parasitic worms
eosinophils
61
release granules that contain heparin, histamine, and serotonin. These substances intensify the inflammatory reaction and are involved in hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions.
basophils
62
Three main types of lymphocytes are
B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells
63
particularly effective in destroying microbes and inactivating their toxins
B cells
64
attack infected body cells and tumor cells, and are responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs
T cells
65
Under the influence of the hormone thrombopoietin, myeloid stem cells develop
into megakaryocyte colony- forming cells that in turn develop into precursor cells called
megakaryoblasts
66
life span of platelets
5 to 9 days
67
Aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the
liver and spleen
68
a count of each of the five types of white blood cells, to detect infection or inflammation, determine the effects of possible poisoning by chemicals or drugs, monitor blood disorders (for example, leukemia) and the effects of chemotherapy, or detect allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
differential white blood cell count, or
“diff”
69
High Count May Indicate: Viral infections, some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis
lymphocytes
69
Low Count May Indicate: Radiation exposure,
drug toxicity, vitamin B12 deficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus
neutrophils
70
High Count May Indicate: Bacterial infection,
burns, stress, inflammation
neutrophils
71
High Count May Indicate: Viral or fungal
infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other
chronic diseases.
Monocytes
72
Low count may indicate: Bone marrow
suppression, treatment with cortisol.
monocytes
73
Low count may indicate: Prolonged illness,
HIV infection, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol.
lymphocytes
74
Low count may indicate: Drug toxicity, stress,
acute allergic reactions
eosinophils
75
High count: Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism
Basophils
76
high count: Allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases
eosinophils
77
low count: Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism
basophils
78
In order to take advantage of the healing properties associated with platelets, the number of platelets needs to be concentrated. This is accomplished by producing
platelet-rich plasma (prp)
79
Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite anion.
neutrophils
80
Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response.
basophils
81
Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen–antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms
eosinophils
82
the replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts
bone marrow transplant
83
sequence of responses that stops bleeding.
hemostasis
84
Three mechanisms reduce blood loss:
(1) vascular spasm
(2) platelet plug formation,
(3) blood clotting (coagulation)
85
the loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels.
hemorrhage
86
When arteries or arterioles are damaged, the circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately caused by damage to the smooth muscle, by substances released from activated platelets, and by reflexes initiated by pain receptors
vascular spasm
87
helps to strengthen a blood clot
fibrin-stabilizing factor
88
a hormone that can cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls.
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
89
Initially, platelets contact and stick to parts of a damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibers of the connective tissue underlying the damaged endothelial cells. This process is called
platelet adhesion
90
in platelet release reaction, these molecules play a major role by activating nearby platelets
Liberated ADP and thromboxane A2
91
function as vasoconstrictors, causing and sustaining contraction of vascular smooth muscle, which decreases blood flow through the injured vessel
Serotonin and thromboxane A2
92
This gathering of platelets is called
platelet aggregation
93
This straw-colored liquid is simply blood plasma minus the clotting proteins
blood serum
94
The process of gel formation is a series of chemical reactions that culminates in formation of fibrin threads
clotting or coagulation
95
clotting in an undamaged blood vessel.
thrombosis
96
It is so named because a tissue protein called tissue factor (TF), also known as thromboplastin, leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase
The Extrinsic Pathway
97
Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into
thrombin
98
Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into
fibrin
99
In the presence of Ca2+, TF begins a sequence of reactions that ultimately activates clotting factor
X
100
is the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot.
clot retraction
101
system that dissolves small, inappropriate clots; it also dissolves clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired.
fibrinolytic system
102
Dissolution of a clot
fibrinolysis
103
opposes the actions of thromboxane A2; is a powerful inhibitor of platelet adhesion and release.
prostacyclin
104
blocks the action of several factors, including XII, X, and II (prothrombin).
antithrombin
105
an anticoagulant that is produced by mast cells and basophils, combines with antithrombin and increases its effectiveness in blocking thrombin.
heparin
106
Inactivates the two major clotting factors not
blocked by antithrombin and enhances activity of plasminogen activators
activated protein C (APC)
107
A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called an
embolus
108
The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of ______ composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids
antigens
109
Based on the presence or absence of various antigens, blood is categorized into different
blood groups
110
called agglutinogens
antigens
111
agglutinins
antibodies
112
you have B antigens on your red blood cells, and you have anti-A antibodies in your blood plasma
blood type B
113
is the transfer of whole blood or blood components (red blood cells only or blood plasma only) into the bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow
transfusion
114
an antigen–antibody response in which RBCs become cross-linked to one another
agglutination
115
rupture of the RBCs and the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma.
hemolysis
116
universal recipients
type AB
117
universal donors
Type O
118
The most common problem with Rh incompatibility; occurs when maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
119
examples of anticoagulants
heparin or warfarin
120
acts as an antagonist to vitamin K and thus blocks synthesis of four clotting factors.
warfarin
121
a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to a decreased number of RBCs or a decreased amount of hemoglobin
anemia
122
Inadequate absorption of iron, excessive loss of iron, increased iron requirement, or insufficient intake of iron causes
iron-deficiency anemia
123
Inadequate intake of vitamin B12 or folic acid causes
megaloblastic anemia
124
Insufficient hemopoiesis resulting from an inability of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine, causes
pernicious anemia
125
Excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding resulting from large wounds, stomach ulcers, or especially heavy menstruation leads to
hemorrhagic anemia
126
RBC plasma membranes rupture prematurely
hemolytic anemia
127
Deficient synthesis of hemoglobin; occurs primarily in populations from countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea
thalassemia
128
Destruction of red bone marrow
aplastic anemia
129
The RBCs of a person contain Hb-S, an abnormal kind of hemoglobin.
sickle cell disease (SCD)
130
an inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after only minor trauma.
hemophilia
131
refers to a group of red bone marrow cancers in which abnormal white blood cells multiply uncontrollably.
leukemia
132
Disorder of iron metabolism characterized by excessive absorption of ingested iron and excess deposits of iron in tissues (especially
the liver, heart, pituitary gland, gonads, and pancreas) that result in bronze discoloration of the skin, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus,
and bone and joint abnormalities
Hemochromatosis
133
Toxins or disease-causing bacteria in the blood. Also called “blood poisoning.”
Septicemia
134
Very low platelet count that results in a tendency to bleed from capillaries.
Thrombocytopenia
135
Blood containing all formed elements, blood plasma, and plasma solutes in natural concentrations
Whole blood
136
