Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAPHY > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

three interrelated components of the CVS

A

blood, heart and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is

A

hematology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix

A

Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The extracellular matrix is called

A

blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood.

A

interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Blood has three general functions:

A

transportation, regulation, and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The temperature of blood is

A

38°C (100.4°F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blood pH

A

7.35 to 7.45 (average = 7.4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

laboratory analysis of the components of
blood

A

blood test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This is one of the most common blood tests and is often done as part of a regular checkup. It measures the number and size of red blood
cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; the number and percentage of each type of white blood cell in a sample of 100 cells (differential white blood cell count); and the number of platelets

A

Complete blood count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This refers to a group of tests that measure the levels of different chemicals in blood

A

Basic metabolic panel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

These tests are used to determine the levels and activity of certain enzymes as indicators of
organ damage.

A

Blood enzyme tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

higher levels of creatine kinase and troponin indicate

A

damage to the heart and skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

higher levels of ALT and AST indicate

A

liver damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

These are several tests that assess the risk of heart disease. Among the blood components measured are total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides

A

Lipoprotein panel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

color of saturated with oxygen

A

bright red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The blood volume in adult male

A

5 to 6 liters (1.5 gal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The blood volume in adult female

A

4 to 5 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Several hormones, regulated by negative feedback, ensure that blood volume and osmotic pressure remain relatively constant. Especially important are the hormone

A

aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Whole blood has two components:

A

blood plasma and formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

% of blood plasma in blood

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

% of formed elements

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

99% of the formed elements are

A

RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Some of the proteins in blood plasma are also found elsewhere in the body, but those confined to blood are called

A

blood plasma protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hepatocytes (liver cells) synthesize most of the blood plasma proteins, which include the

A

albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Certain blood cells develop into plasmocytes that produce gamma globulins, an important type of globulin. These blood plasma proteins are also called

A

antibodies or immunoglobins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The formed elements of the blood include three principal components:

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called the

A

hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The normal range of hematocrit for adult females

A

38% to 46%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The normal range of hematocrit for adult males

A

40 to 54%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

This hormone is present in much higher concentration in males than in females, stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO), the hormone that in turn stimulates production of RBCs.

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the percentage of RBCs is abnormally high, and
the hematocrit may be 65% or higher

A

polycythemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called

A

hemopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Blood from nutrient and metaphyseal arteries enters a bone and passes into the enlarged and leaky capillaries, called

A

sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In order to form blood cells, multipotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce two further types of stem cells, which have the capacity to develop into several types of cells. These
stem cells are called

A

myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem
cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

stem cells begin their development in red bone marrow and give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.

A

myeloid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

stem cells, which give rise to lymphocytes, begin their development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphoid tissues

A

lymphoid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Red blood cells live only about

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Erythropoiesis, the production of RBCs, starts in the red bone marrow with a precursor cell called a

A

proerythroblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

a cell near the end of the development sequence ejects its nucleus and becomes

A

reticulocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

may occur if too little oxygen enters the blood

A

hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

artificially induced polycythemia

A

blood doping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Granular leukocytes include

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Agranulocytes include

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

monocytes and granular leukocytes develop from

A

myeloid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

lymphocytes develop from

A

lymphoid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Because the granules do not strongly attract
either the acidic (red) or basic (blue) stain, these WBCs are neutrophilic

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Because older neutrophils thus have several differently shaped nuclear lobes, they are often called

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes, polymorphs or polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The granules are smaller than those of other
granular leukocytes, evenly distributed, and pale lilac

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The large, uniform-sized granules within an
eosinophilic (= eosin-loving)—they stain red-orange with acidic dyes

A

eosinophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The round, variable-sized granules are basophilic (= basic loving)—they stain blue-purple with basic dyes

A

basophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Its nucleus stains dark and is round or slightly indented. The cytoplasm stains sky blue and forms a rim around the nucleus

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Its nucleus is usually kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, and the cytoplasm is blue-gray and has a foamy appearance

A

monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

These “cell identity markers” are unique for each person (except identical twins).

A

major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

an increase in the number of WBCs above 10,000/μL, is a normal protective response to stresses such as invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery

A

leukocytosis

56
Q

An abnormally low level of white blood cells (below 5000/μL) is termed

A

leukopenia

57
Q

RBCs are contained within the bloodstream, but WBCs leave the bloodstream by a process termed

A

emigration or diapedesis

58
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages are active in

A

phagocytosis

59
Q

They are believed to release enzymes, such as histaminase, that combat the effects of histamine and other substances involved in inflammation during allergic reactions

A

eosinophils

60
Q

phagocytize antigen–antibody complexes and are effective against certain parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

61
Q

release granules that contain heparin, histamine, and serotonin. These substances intensify the inflammatory reaction and are involved in hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions.

A

basophils

62
Q

Three main types of lymphocytes are

A

B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells

63
Q

particularly effective in destroying microbes and inactivating their toxins

A

B cells

64
Q

attack infected body cells and tumor cells, and are responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs

A

T cells

65
Q

Under the influence of the hormone thrombopoietin, myeloid stem cells develop
into megakaryocyte colony- forming cells that in turn develop into precursor cells called

A

megakaryoblasts

66
Q

life span of platelets

A

5 to 9 days

67
Q

Aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the

A

liver and spleen

68
Q

a count of each of the five types of white blood cells, to detect infection or inflammation, determine the effects of possible poisoning by chemicals or drugs, monitor blood disorders (for example, leukemia) and the effects of chemotherapy, or detect allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

A

differential white blood cell count, or
“diff”

69
Q

High Count May Indicate: Viral infections, some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis

A

lymphocytes

69
Q

Low Count May Indicate: Radiation exposure,
drug toxicity, vitamin B12 deficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus

A

neutrophils

70
Q

High Count May Indicate: Bacterial infection,
burns, stress, inflammation

A

neutrophils

71
Q

High Count May Indicate: Viral or fungal
infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other
chronic diseases.

A

Monocytes

72
Q

Low count may indicate: Bone marrow
suppression, treatment with cortisol.

A

monocytes

73
Q

Low count may indicate: Prolonged illness,
HIV infection, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol.

A

lymphocytes

74
Q

Low count may indicate: Drug toxicity, stress,
acute allergic reactions

A

eosinophils

75
Q

High count: Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism

A

Basophils

76
Q

high count: Allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases

A

eosinophils

77
Q

low count: Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism

A

basophils

78
Q

In order to take advantage of the healing properties associated with platelets, the number of platelets needs to be concentrated. This is accomplished by producing

A

platelet-rich plasma (prp)

79
Q

Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite anion.

A

neutrophils

80
Q

Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response.

A

basophils

81
Q

Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen–antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

82
Q

the replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts

A

bone marrow transplant

83
Q

sequence of responses that stops bleeding.

A

hemostasis

84
Q

Three mechanisms reduce blood loss:

A

(1) vascular spasm
(2) platelet plug formation,
(3) blood clotting (coagulation)

85
Q

the loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels.

A

hemorrhage

86
Q

When arteries or arterioles are damaged, the circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately caused by damage to the smooth muscle, by substances released from activated platelets, and by reflexes initiated by pain receptors

A

vascular spasm

87
Q

helps to strengthen a blood clot

A

fibrin-stabilizing factor

88
Q

a hormone that can cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls.

A

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

89
Q

Initially, platelets contact and stick to parts of a damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibers of the connective tissue underlying the damaged endothelial cells. This process is called

A

platelet adhesion

90
Q

in platelet release reaction, these molecules play a major role by activating nearby platelets

A

Liberated ADP and thromboxane A2

91
Q

function as vasoconstrictors, causing and sustaining contraction of vascular smooth muscle, which decreases blood flow through the injured vessel

A

Serotonin and thromboxane A2

92
Q

This gathering of platelets is called

A

platelet aggregation

93
Q

This straw-colored liquid is simply blood plasma minus the clotting proteins

A

blood serum

94
Q

The process of gel formation is a series of chemical reactions that culminates in formation of fibrin threads

A

clotting or coagulation

95
Q

clotting in an undamaged blood vessel.

A

thrombosis

96
Q

It is so named because a tissue protein called tissue factor (TF), also known as thromboplastin, leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase

A

The Extrinsic Pathway

97
Q

Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into

A

thrombin

98
Q

Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into

A

fibrin

99
Q

In the presence of Ca2+, TF begins a sequence of reactions that ultimately activates clotting factor

A

X

100
Q

is the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot.

A

clot retraction

101
Q

system that dissolves small, inappropriate clots; it also dissolves clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired.

A

fibrinolytic system

102
Q

Dissolution of a clot

A

fibrinolysis

103
Q

opposes the actions of thromboxane A2; is a powerful inhibitor of platelet adhesion and release.

A

prostacyclin

104
Q

blocks the action of several factors, including XII, X, and II (prothrombin).

A

antithrombin

105
Q

an anticoagulant that is produced by mast cells and basophils, combines with antithrombin and increases its effectiveness in blocking thrombin.

A

heparin

106
Q

Inactivates the two major clotting factors not
blocked by antithrombin and enhances activity of plasminogen activators

A

activated protein C (APC)

107
Q

A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called an

A

embolus

108
Q

The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of ______ composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

antigens

109
Q

Based on the presence or absence of various antigens, blood is categorized into different

A

blood groups

110
Q

called agglutinogens

A

antigens

111
Q

agglutinins

A

antibodies

112
Q

you have B antigens on your red blood cells, and you have anti-A antibodies in your blood plasma

A

blood type B

113
Q

is the transfer of whole blood or blood components (red blood cells only or blood plasma only) into the bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow

A

transfusion

114
Q

an antigen–antibody response in which RBCs become cross-linked to one another

A

agglutination

115
Q

rupture of the RBCs and the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma.

A

hemolysis

116
Q

universal recipients

A

type AB

117
Q

universal donors

A

Type O

118
Q

The most common problem with Rh incompatibility; occurs when maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

119
Q

examples of anticoagulants

A

heparin or warfarin

120
Q

acts as an antagonist to vitamin K and thus blocks synthesis of four clotting factors.

A

warfarin

121
Q

a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to a decreased number of RBCs or a decreased amount of hemoglobin

A

anemia

122
Q

Inadequate absorption of iron, excessive loss of iron, increased iron requirement, or insufficient intake of iron causes

A

iron-deficiency anemia

123
Q

Inadequate intake of vitamin B12 or folic acid causes

A

megaloblastic anemia

124
Q

Insufficient hemopoiesis resulting from an inability of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine, causes

A

pernicious anemia

125
Q

Excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding resulting from large wounds, stomach ulcers, or especially heavy menstruation leads to

A

hemorrhagic anemia

126
Q

RBC plasma membranes rupture prematurely

A

hemolytic anemia

127
Q

Deficient synthesis of hemoglobin; occurs primarily in populations from countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea

A

thalassemia

128
Q

Destruction of red bone marrow

A

aplastic anemia

129
Q

The RBCs of a person contain Hb-S, an abnormal kind of hemoglobin.

A

sickle cell disease (SCD)

130
Q

an inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after only minor trauma.

A

hemophilia

131
Q

refers to a group of red bone marrow cancers in which abnormal white blood cells multiply uncontrollably.

A

leukemia

132
Q

Disorder of iron metabolism characterized by excessive absorption of ingested iron and excess deposits of iron in tissues (especially
the liver, heart, pituitary gland, gonads, and pancreas) that result in bronze discoloration of the skin, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus,
and bone and joint abnormalities

A

Hemochromatosis

133
Q

Toxins or disease-causing bacteria in the blood. Also called “blood poisoning.”

A

Septicemia

134
Q

Very low platelet count that results in a tendency to bleed from capillaries.

A

Thrombocytopenia

135
Q

Blood containing all formed elements, blood plasma, and plasma solutes in natural concentrations

A

Whole blood

136
Q
A

ANAPHY (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions