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ANAPHY > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

location of the heart

A

mediastinum, with two-thirds of its mass to the left of the midline.

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2
Q

left ventricle forms the

A

apex

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3
Q

left atrium forms the

A

base

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4
Q

part of the heart between the apex and
right surface and rests mostly on the diaphragm

A

inferior surface

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5
Q

deep to the sternum and ribs.

A

anterior surface

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6
Q

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is the

A

pericardium

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7
Q

The pericardium consists of two main parts

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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8
Q

prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum; partially fused to the central tendon of the diaphragm and therefore movement of the diaphragm, as in deep breathing, facilitates the movement of blood by the heart

A

fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

refers to an emergency procedure for establishing a normal heartbeat and rate of breathing

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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10
Q

deeper layer that is thinner, more delicate
mesothelial membrane that forms a double layer around the heart

A

serous pericardium

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11
Q

visceral layer of the serous pericardium, which is also called the

A

epicardium

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12
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericarditis

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13
Q

If a great deal of fluid accumulates, this is a life-threatening condition because the fluid compresses the heart, a condition called

A

cardiac tamponade

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14
Q

The wall of the heart consists of three layers

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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15
Q

The epicardium contains

A

blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves that supplies the myocardium

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16
Q

layer that is responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. It makes up approximately
95% of the heart wall

A

myocardium

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17
Q

Inflammation of the myocardium that usually occurs as a complication of a viral infection,
rheumatic fever, or exposure to radiation or certain chemicals or medications.

A

myocarditis

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18
Q

refers to an inflammation of the endocardium and typically involves the heart valves

A

endocarditis

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19
Q

The smooth endothelial lining minimizes the surface friction as blood passes through the
heart; continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels attached to the heart.

A

endocardium

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20
Q

On the anterior surface of each atrium is a wrinkled pouchlike structure called an

A

auricle

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21
Q

Also on the surface of the heart are a series of
grooves that contain coronary blood vessels and a variable amount of fat

A

sulci

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22
Q

marks the external boundary between two chambers of the heart

A

sulcus

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23
Q

encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles

A

coronary sulcus

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24
Q

A shallow groove on the anterior surface of the heart that marks the external boundary between the right and left ventricles on the
anterior aspect of the heart.

A

anterior interventricular sulcus

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25
Q

marks the external boundary between the
ventricles on the posterior aspect of the heart

A

posterior interventricular sulcus

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26
Q

forms the right surface of the heart and receives blood from three veins

A

right atrium

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27
Q

RA receives blood from three veins

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

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28
Q

RA: The inside of the posterior wall is smooth; the inside of the anterior wall is rough due to the presence of muscular ridges called

A

pectinate muscles

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29
Q

Between the right atrium and left atrium is a thin partition called the

A

interatrial septum

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30
Q

RA: A prominent feature of this septum is an oval depression; the remnant of the foramen ovale, an opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart that normally closes soon after birth

A

Fossa ovalis

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31
Q

Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through a valve that is called the

A

right atrioventricular valve

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32
Q

right atrioventricular valve is also called

A

tricuspid valve

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33
Q

RV: The inside of the right ventricle contains a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers called

A

trabeculae carneae

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34
Q

RV: The cusps of the right atrioventricular valve are connected to tendon-like cords

A

chordae tendineae

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35
Q

RV: chordae tendineae which in turn are connected to cone-shaped trabeculae carneae called

A

papillary muscles

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36
Q

right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle by a partition called the

A

interventricular valve

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37
Q

Blood passes from the right ventricle through the

A

pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk to left and right pulmonary arteries to lungs

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38
Q

It receives blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins

A

left atrium

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39
Q

Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the

A

left atrioventricular valve

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40
Q

left atrioventricular valve is also called

A

bicuspid valve or mitral valve

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41
Q

Blood passes from the left ventricle through the

A

aortic valve to ascending aorta

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42
Q

During fetal life, a temporary blood vessel, shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

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43
Q

The ductus arteriosus normally closes shortly after birth, leaving a remnant, which connects the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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44
Q

serves as a point of insertion for bundles of cardiac muscle fibers and acts as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles.

A

fibrous skeleton of the heart

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45
Q

The aortic and pulmonary valves are known as the

A

semilunar valves

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46
Q

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the

A

systemic circulation

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47
Q

the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the

A

pulmonary circulation

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48
Q

the myocardium has its own network of blood vessels

A

coronary circulation

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49
Q

branch from the ascending aorta and encircle the heart as a crown encircles the head

A

coronary arteries

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50
Q

When the heart relaxes, however, the
high pressure of blood in the aorta propels blood through the coronary arteries, into capillaries, and then into

A

coronary veins

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51
Q

A narrowing of a heart valve opening that restricts blood flow is known as

A

stenosis

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52
Q

failure of a valve to close completely is termed

A

insufficiency

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53
Q

scar formation or a congenital defect causes
narrowing of the left atrioventricular valve.

A

mitral stenosis

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54
Q

there is backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium

A

mitral insufficiency

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55
Q

cause of mitral insufficiency

A

mitral valve prolapse

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56
Q

aortic valve is narrowed

A

aortic stenosis

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57
Q

there is backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle

A

aortic insufficiency

58
Q

artery passes inferior to the left auricle
and divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries

A

left coronary artery

59
Q

in the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of both ventricles.

A

anterior interventricular artery

60
Q

lies in the coronary sulcus and distributes oxygenated blood to the walls of the left
ventricle and left atrium.

A

circumflex artery

61
Q

left coronary artery divides into

A

anterior interventricular and circumflex
arteries

62
Q

follows the posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies the walls of the two ventricles with oxygenated blood.

A

inferior (posterior) interventricular artery

63
Q

beyond the coronary sulcus runs along the
right margin of the heart and transports oxygenated blood to the wall of the right ventricle

A

marginal branch

64
Q

connections of two or more arteries

A

anastomoses

65
Q

alternate route by anastomoses

A

collateral circulation

66
Q

Most of the deoxygenated blood from the myocardium drains into a large vascular sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart, called the

A

coronary sinus

67
Q

The deoxygenated blood in the coronary sinus empties into the

A

right atrium

68
Q

The principal tributaries carrying blood into the coronary sinus are the

A

Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Anterior cardiac veins

69
Q

vein in the anterior interventricular sulcus, which drains the areas of the heart supplied by the left coronary artery (left and right ventricles and left atrium)

A

great cardiac vein

70
Q

vein in the posterior interventricular sulcus, which drains the areas supplied by the inferior interventricular artery of the right coronary artery (left and right ventricles)

A

Middle cardiac vein

71
Q

vein in the coronary sulcus, which drains
the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Small cardiac vein

72
Q

veins which drain the right ventricle and open directly into the right atrium

A

Anterior cardiac veins

73
Q

When blockage of a coronary artery deprives the heart muscle of oxygen, the reestablishment of blood flow, may damage the tissue further

A

reperfusion

74
Q

antioxidants which remove oxygen free radicals from circulation

A

vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, zinc,
and selenium

75
Q

Partial obstruction of blood flow in the coronary arteries may cause a condition of reduced blood flow to the myocardium

A

myocardial ischemia

76
Q

literally means “strangled chest,” is a severe pain that usually accompanies myocardial ischemia

A

Angina pectoris

77
Q

ischemic episodes without pain, is particularly dangerous because the person has no forewarning of an impending heart attack.

A

Silent myocardial ischemia

78
Q

A complete obstruction to blood flow in a coronary artery may result in a condition commonly known as heart attack

A

myocardial infarction (MI)

79
Q

is the death of an area of tissue because of interrupted blood supply

A

infarction

80
Q

The ends of cardiac muscle fibers connect to neighboring fibers by irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma called

A

intercalated discs

81
Q

The discs contain ____ which hold the fibers together

A

desmosomes

82
Q

low muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to its neighbors; allow the entire myocardium of the atria or the ventricles to contract as a single, coordinated unit.

A

gap junctions

83
Q

The source of this electrical activity is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers
(cells) called

A

autorhythmic fibers

84
Q

autorhythmic fibers have 2 functions

A

act as a natural pacemaker
form the cardiac conduction system

85
Q

Cardiac excitation normally begins in the

A

sinoatrial node (SA)

86
Q

The spontaneous depolarization is a

A

pacemaker potential

87
Q

By conducting along atrial muscle fibers, the action potential reaches the

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

88
Q

located in the interatrial septum, just anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

89
Q

From the AV node, the action potential enters the

A

atrioventricular (AV) bundle (also known as the bundle of His)

90
Q

This bundle is the only site where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the
ventricles

A

bundle of his

91
Q

After propagating through the AV bundle, the action potential enters both the

A

right and left bundle branches

92
Q

rapidly conduct the action potential beginning at the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium. Then the ventricles contract, pushing the blood upward toward the semilunar valves.

A

subendocardial conducting network or Purkinje fibers

93
Q

it is the natural pacemaker

A

SA node

94
Q

a device that sends out small electrical currents to stimulate the heart to contract.

A

artificial pacemaker

95
Q

Inflow of Na+ down the electrochemical
gradient, through the voltage-gated fast Na+
channels, produces a

A

rapid depolarization

96
Q

system that ensures that the chambers of the heart contract in a coordinated manner

A

conduction system

97
Q

period that prevents tetanus in cardiac muscle fibers

A

long refractory period

98
Q

The next phase of an action potential in a contractile fiber is a period of maintained depolarization due in part to opening of voltage gated slow Ca2+ channels in the sarcolemma.

A

plateau

99
Q

The recovery of the resting membrane
potential

A

repolarization

100
Q

repolarization is due to

A

outflow of potassium ions and closing of Ca channels

101
Q

increases contraction force by enhancing Ca2+ flow into the cytosol.

A

epinephrine

102
Q

is the time interval during which a second contraction cannot be triggered

A

refractory period

103
Q

indicated by the presence in blood of creatine kinase (CK), the enzyme that catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from creatine phosphate to ADP to make ATP

A

Myocardial infarction

104
Q

a recording of these electrical signals.

A

electrocardiogram

105
Q

The instrument used to record the changes

A

electrocardiograph

106
Q

three clearly recognizable waves appear with each heartbeat

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

107
Q

is a small upward deflection on the ECG; represents atrial depolarization, which spreads from the SA node through contractile fibers in both atria

A

P wave

108
Q

begins as a downward deflection, continues as a large, upright, triangular wave, and ends as a downward wave; represents rapid ventricular depolarization, as the action potential spreads through ventricular contractile fibers.

A

QRS complex

109
Q

third wave is a dome-shaped upward deflection; indicates ventricular repolarization and occurs just as the ventricles are starting to relax

A

T wave

110
Q

Larger P waves indicate

A

enlargement of an atrium

111
Q

enlarged Q wave may indicate

A

myocardial infarction

112
Q

enlarged R wave generally indicates

A

enlarged ventricles.

113
Q

The T wave is flatter than normal when the heart muscle

A

is receiving insufficient oxygen—as, for example, in coronary artery disease.

114
Q

The T wave may be elevated in

A

hyperkalemia

115
Q

is the time required for the action potential to travel through the atria, atrioventricular node, and the remaining fibers of the conduction system.

A

P–Q interval

116
Q

represents the time when the ventricular contractile fibers are depolarized during
the plateau phase of the action potential

A

S–T segment

117
Q

It is the time from the beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization

A

Q–T interval

118
Q

Abnormal heart rhythms and inadequate blood flow to the heart may occur only briefly or unpredictably. It is detected by

A

continuous ambulatory electrocardiography

119
Q

phase of contraction

A

systole

120
Q

phase of relaxation

A

diastole

121
Q

heart rate

A

75/ min

122
Q

includes all of the events associated with
one heartbeat; consists of systole and diastole of the atria plus systole and diastole of the ventricles

A

cardiac cycle

123
Q

causes contraction and _____ causes relaxation of cardiac muscle fibers.

A

Depolarization; repolarization

124
Q

the act of listening to sounds within the body, is usually done with a stethoscope

A

auscultation

125
Q

is an abnormal sound consisting of a clicking, rushing, or gurgling noise that either is heard before, between, or after the normal heart sounds, or may mask the normal heart sounds

A

heart murmurs

126
Q

caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the AV valves soon after ventricular systole begins

A

S1

127
Q

caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the SL valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole.

A

S2

128
Q

is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

A

cardiac output

129
Q

Cardiac output equals the

A

stroke volume and heart rate

130
Q

average cardiac output is

A

5250 mL/min

131
Q

difference between a person’s maximum cardiac output and cardiac output at rest

A

Cardiac reserve

132
Q

Three factors regulate stroke volume and ensure that the left and right ventricles pump equal volumes of blood

A

preload
contractility
afterload

133
Q

Nervous system regulation of the heart originates in the cardiovascular (CV) center

A

medulla oblongota

134
Q

During strenuous activity, a well-trained athlete can achieve a cardiac output double that of a sedentary person, in part because training causes hypertrophy (enlargement) of the heart. This condition is referred to as

A

physiological cardiomegaly

135
Q

is the replacement of a severely damaged heart with a normal heart from a brain-dead
or recently deceased donor.

A

cardiac (heart) transplant

136
Q

The heart begins its development from a group of mesodermal cells called

A

cardiogenic mesenchyme

137
Q

from the effects of the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries, which leads to a reduction in blood flow to the myocardium.

A

coronary artery disease

138
Q

Thickening of the walls of arteries and loss of elasticity are the main characteristics of a group of diseases called

A

arteriosclerosis

139
Q

a progressive disease characterized by the formation in the walls of large and medium- sized arteries of lesions called atherosclerotic plaques

A

atherosclerosis

140
Q

abnormal rhythm as a result
of a defect in the conduction system of the heart

A

arrhythmias

141
Q
A

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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