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ANAPHY > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blueprint of Protein

A

DNA

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2
Q

Decoder and Messenger

A

RNA

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3
Q

Carry sequence in bui

A

mRNA

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4
Q

Forms the ribosomes

A

rRNA

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5
Q

Two parts of Protein synthesis

A

Transcription and Translation

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6
Q

Transfers amino acids

A

tRNA

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7
Q

What summarizes the Protein Synthesis

A

Central Dogma

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8
Q

Site of transcription

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

Describe the central dogma

A

DNA to RNA to Protein

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10
Q

Site for translation

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

It is the process of transcribing genetic instructions from DNA bases into its complementary RNA bases

A

Transcription

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12
Q

Region where RNA polymerase binds

A

Promoter sequence/ region

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13
Q

DNA strand that codes

A

Anti-sense strand

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14
Q

Complementary strand of DNA template strand

A

Sense strand

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15
Q

DNA goes out the nucleus

A

FALSE

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16
Q

what is the term for the newly produce mRNA from the nucleus before it is transported

A

pre-mRNA

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17
Q

What are the modifications done in mRNA

A

Splicing
editing
5’ capping
polyadenylation

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18
Q

Removal of introns and splicing together of exons by spliceosomes

A

Splicing

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

It is the changing in nucleotide bases for example in the human protein that transports lipids to the blood has 2 modifications, a is smaller due to early stop codons

A

Editing

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21
Q

What are the stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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22
Q

It is the addition of modified methylene cap at 5’ end for protection from degradation and aiding the ribosomes where to attach on the mRNA

A

5’ capping

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23
Q

It is the addition of a tail of adenine bases at the 3’ end signaling the end of the strand. It also to protect the mRNA from enzymes and for the transport from the nucleus

A

Polyadenylation

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24
Q

What are the three stages of translation

A

Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

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25
Q

It is the stage where mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunits, and the tRNA and the large ribosomal subunits forming the initiation complex

A

Initiation

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26
Q

It is the stage where tRNA with the anticodons brings amino acids to the growing peptide

A

Elongation

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27
Q

Site in the ribosome where tRNA brings new amino acid and bonded to the made chain by peptide bond

A

A site

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28
Q

It is the site where the new peptide chain is moved waiting for a new amino acid

A

P site

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29
Q

Site where acylated tRNA moves to leave the ribosomal complex

A

E site

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30
Q

What is the start codon

A

AUG (Methionine)

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31
Q

It is the phase where stop codon is read signaling for release factors that breaks down the entire initiation complex

A

Termination

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32
Q

Where does the tRNA goes after the break down of the complex

A

To the cytoplasmic pool to recharge its new amino acid

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33
Q

It is the programmed cell death to maintain balance in cell number and for

A

Apoptosis

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34
Q

What are the stages of apoptosis

A

1)Normal cell
2) Cell shrinks and chromosomes condense
3) Membrane starts to bleb. Organelles starts to collapse
4) Nucleus and organelles starts to fragments as the cytoskeleton collapse. The membrane continues to bleb
5) Apoptotic bodies are produced
6) Apoptotic bodies are phagocytosed by macrophages
7) No inflammation

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35
Q

It is the process done by the body to eliminate cancer causing cells or cells infected by virus

A

Apoptosis

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35
Q

It is the cell death caused by external factors or injury

A

Necrosis

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36
Q

What process is done to eliminate the cell tissues between the fingers during early fetal development, and also damaged cells are moved

A

Apoptosis

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37
Q

It is the study of tissues

A

Histology

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38
Q

Histology is under what subdivision of Anatomy

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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39
Q

It is composed of similar cells for a common function

A

Tissue

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40
Q

What are the types of tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous

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41
Q

covers body surfaces and lines hollow
organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands. This
tissue allows the body to interact with both its internal and
external environments.

A

Epithelial Tissue

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42
Q

protects and supports the body and its
organs; bind organs
together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide the
body with immunity to disease-causing organisms

A

Connective tissues

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43
Q

composed of cells specialized for
contraction and generation of force; generates heat that warms the body.

A

Muscular Tissues

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44
Q

detects changes in a variety of conditions
inside and outside the body and responds by generating
electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve
impulses) that activate muscular contractions and
glandular secretions.

A

Nervous Tissues

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45
Q

Avascular tissue

A

Epithelial tissue

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46
Q

removal of a
sample of living tissue for microscopic examination

A

Biopsy

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47
Q

Differentiate Epithelial tissue from connective tissue

A

Cells are tightly packed (no extracellular matrix), avascular, forms the linings

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48
Q

Why are epithelial and connective tissues found adjacent
to each other

A

So that the connective tissue will able to supply the epithelial tissue with oxygen and nutrients, and eliminates wastes through blood transport

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49
Q

What are the three parts of the epithelial cells

A

Apical, Lateral and basal surfaces

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50
Q

Type of junction between the basal surface and basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

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51
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissues

A

Protection, secretion, filtration, absorption, diffusion

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52
Q

What are the classifications of the Epithelium

A

Based on cell shape and no. of layers

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53
Q

Layer of cells functions
in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption.

A

Simple

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53
Q

Cells that do
extend to the apical surface may contain cilia; others
(goblet cells) secrete mucus.

A

Pseudostratified

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54
Q

protect underlying tissues in
locations where there is considerable wear and tear.

A

Stratified

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55
Q

single layer of flat cells that resembles a tiled floor when viewed from apical
surface; centrally located nucleus that is flattened and oval or spherical in shape.

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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56
Q

Endothelium can be found at

A

blood vessels, heart and lymphatic vessels

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57
Q

Mesothelium is at

A

Serous membranes of abdominal and thoracic cavity (pericardium, pleura, peritoneal)

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58
Q

kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands; surface of ovary; lines anterior surface of capsule of lens of the eye; forms pigmented epithelium at posterior
surface of retina of the eye

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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59
Q

Fingerlike cytoplasmic
projections, increase surface area of plasma membrane thus increasing cell’s rate of absorption.

A

Microvilli

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60
Q

modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surfaces.

A

Goblet cells

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61
Q

Lines digestive canal (from stomach to anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder

A

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

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62
Q

Secretion and absorption; larger columnar cells contain more organelles and thus are capable of higher level of secretion
and absorption than are cuboidal cells. Secreted mucus lubricates linings of digestive, respiratory, and genital tracts, and
most of urinary tract; helps prevent destruction of stomach lining by acidic gastric juice secreted by stomach

A

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

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63
Q

single layer of ciliated
columnlike cells with oval nuclei near base of cells. Goblet cells are
usually interspersed

A

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

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64
Q

Lines some bronchioles (small tubes) of respiratory tract, uterine
tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal
cord, and ventricles of brain

A

Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

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65
Q

Lines epididymis, larger ducts of many glands, and parts of male urethra.

A

Nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

66
Q

Lines airways of most of upper respiratory tract.

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

67
Q

forms superficial layer of skin

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

68
Q

tough, fibrous intracellular protein that helps protect skin and
underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals

A

Keratin

69
Q

lines wet surfaces (lining of mouth, esophagus,
part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, and vagina) and covers tongue; constantly moistened by mucus from salivary and mucous glands; surface cells do not die in this
epithelium; instead, they are shed before they die.

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

70
Q

Ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands, part of male urethra.

A

Stratified Cuboidal epithelium

71
Q

Lines part of urethra; large excretory ducts of some glands, such as esophageal glands; small areas in anal mucous
membrane; part of conjunctiva of eye

A

Stratified Columnar epithelium

72
Q

has a variable appearance (transitional) and is unique to the urinary system; at urinary bladder, ureters, and portions of urethra

A

Urothelium (Transitional Epithelium)

73
Q

involves collection and microscopic examination of epithelial cells that have been scraped off the apical
layer of a tissue. A very common type of involves examining the cells from the nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium of the cervix (inferior portion) of the uterus.

A

Papanicolaou Test (Pap smear)

74
Q

consists of epithelium that
secretes substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or eventually into the blood in the absence of ducts

A

gland

75
Q

duct of the gland does not branch

A

simple gland

76
Q

duct branches

A

Compound gland

77
Q

Glands with tubular secretory

A

Tubular gland

78
Q

rounded secretory portions

A

Acinar glands

79
Q

secretions are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged
by the Golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis

A

merocrine
glands

80
Q

accumulate their secretory product at the
apical surface of the secreting cell. Then, that portion of the
cell pinches off by exocytosis from the rest of the cell to release the secretin,

A

Apocrine sweat glands

81
Q

accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol. As the secretory cell matures,
it ruptures and becomes the secretory product

A

Holocrine glands

82
Q

It binds together, supports, and strengthens
other body tissues; protects and insulates internal organs; compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles; serves as the
major transport system within the body (blood, a liquid connective tissue); contains and distributes almost all the blood vessels
in the body; is the primary location of stored energy reserves (adipose, or fat, tissue); and is the main source of immune responses

A

Connective tissue

83
Q

Connective tissue consists of two basic elements

A

Extracellular matrix and cells

84
Q

Connective tissue that is avascular and lacks nerves

A

cartilage

84
Q

composition of the ECM

A

protein fibers and the ground substance

85
Q

Embryonic cells that give rise to the connective tissue cells

A

mesenchymal cells

86
Q

Connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasmocytes, adipocytes, leukocytes

87
Q

contains water and an assortment
of large organic molecules, many of which are complex
combinations of polysaccharides and proteins

A

ground substance

88
Q

hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate,
dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.

A

glycosaminoglycans (GaGs)

89
Q

trap water, making the ground substance more jellylike

A

GAGs

90
Q

viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints,
and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs.

A

hyaluronic acid

91
Q

makes ground substance more watery

A

hyaluronidase

92
Q

have
been used as nutritional supplements either alone or in combination to promote and maintain the structure and function of joint
cartilage, to provide pain relief from osteoarthritis, and to reduce
joint inflammation.

A

Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine

93
Q

are very strong and
resist pulling or stretching, but they are not stiff, which allows tissue flexibility.

A

Collagen fibers

94
Q

Collagen fibers often occur in parallel bundles found in bone, cartilage, tendons (which attach muscle to bone), and ligaments (which attach bone to bone).

A

dense regular connective tissue

95
Q

An elastic fiber consists of molecules of
the protein elastin surrounded by a glycoprotein named fibrillin,
which adds strength and stability; plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue.

A

Elastic fibers

96
Q

consisting of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, provide
support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around
the cells in some tissues, such as areolar connective tissue
(a-RĒ-oˉ -lar; areol = small space), adipose tissue, nerve fibers,
and smooth muscle tissue; Produced by fibroblasts; forms the stroma; basement membrane

A

Reticular fibers

97
Q

connective tissue present in an embryo or a fetus

A

Embryonic connective tissue

98
Q

connective tissue present at birth
and persists throughout life

A

Mature connective tissue

99
Q

Two types of embryonic connective tissues

A

mesenchyme and mucoid (mucous) connective tissue

100
Q

Umbilical cord of fetus.

A

mucoid connective tissue

101
Q

Categories of mature connective tissue

A

Connective, supporting, liquid connective tissues

101
Q

Types of connective tissues under mature CT

A

loose and dense

102
Q

Types of loose connective tissues

A

areolar, adipose, reticular connective tissue

103
Q

most widely distributed connective tissues; consists of fibers arranged randomly and several kinds of cells embedded in semifluid ground substance

A

Areolar connective tissue

104
Q

subcutaneous tissue deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone
marrow, padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket

A

Adipose tissue

104
Q

In and around nearly every body structure (thus, called “packing material” of the body)

A

Areolar connective tissue

105
Q

specialized for storage of triglycerides (fats)
as a large, centrally located droplet

A

adipose tissue

106
Q

Reduces heat loss through skin; serves as an energy reserve; supports and protects organs. In newborns, BAT generates
heat to maintain proper body temperature; excellent source of stem cells, which are used in
rejuvenation medicine to repair or replace damaged tissue.

A

Adipose tissue

107
Q

fine interlacing network of reticular fibers (thin form of collagen fiber) and reticular cells

A

Reticular connective tissue

107
Q

Stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow;

A

Reticular connective tissue

108
Q

Forms stroma of organs; binds smooth muscle tissue cells; filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and
microbes in lymph nodes

A

Reticular connective tissue

109
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular connective tissue, dense
irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue

110
Q

forms shiny white extracellular matrix;
mainly collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts in rows
between them.

A

Dense regular connective tissue

111
Q

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

A

Dense regular connective tissue

112
Q

is made up of collagen fibers; usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts.

A

Dense irregular collagen fibers

113
Q

fasciae, heart valves, perichondrium

A

dense irregular

114
Q

contains predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts between them

A

elastic connective tissue

115
Q

What are the types of supporting connective tissues

A

cartilage and osseous

116
Q

Walls of elastic arteries and trachea, bronchial tubes within the lungs, true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of penis, some
ligaments between vertebrae

A

Elastic connective tissue

117
Q

antiangiogenesis factor; consists of a dense network
of collagen fibers or elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance.

A

cartilage

118
Q

What are the types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, fibrous, elastic

119
Q

Most abundant cartilage in body; at ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton; weakest type of cartilage and can be fractured

A

Hyaline Cartilage

120
Q

Most abundant cartilage in body; at ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton.

A

Hyaline cartilage

121
Q

s chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix; lacks
perichondrium.
Location Pubic symphysis (where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs, menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, portions of
tendons that insert into cartilage.
Function Support and joining structures together. Strength and rigidity make it the strongest type of cartilage

A

Fibrous Cartilage

122
Q

perichondrium
present.
Location Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle), auditory tubes.
Function Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.

A

Elastic cartilage

123
Q

store calcium and phosphorus; house red bone marrow, which produces blood cells; and
contain yellow bone marrow, a storage site for triglycerides.

A

bones

124
Q

basic unit of compact bone

A

osteon

125
Q

Four parts of osteon

A

bone lamellae, bone lacunae, osteocytes, bone canaliculi, osteonic canal

126
Q
A
126
Q

Liquid connective tissue

A

Blood

127
Q

formed elements

A

red blood cells
(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)

128
Q

Two processes of tissue generation

A

Regeneration and fibrosis

129
Q

The fibroblasts synthesize
collagen and other extracellular matrix materials that aggregate
to form scar tissue, a process known as

A

fibrosis

130
Q

Three factors affect tissue repair

A

nutrition, blood circulation, age

131
Q

abnormal joining of tissues.

A

adhesions

132
Q
A

Inflammation, granulation, fibrosis

133
Q

Local factors affecting wound healing

A

Infection, Location, Mechanical pattern, size, type of injury, blood supply, radiation

134
Q

Systemic affecting wound healing

A

age, nutritional status, diabetic, glucocorticoid, hematological abnormalities

135
Q

strength of 1st week

A

10% only

136
Q

3 months after

A

70-80%

137
Q

slow regeneration

A

skeletal, cardiac, nervous

138
Q

Developmental aspects if tissues and cells

A

growth (continuous throughout puberty), tissue injury and ageing

139
Q

Amitotic after birth

A

nervous tissue

140
Q

Amitotic after puberty

A

muscle tissue

141
Q

break, tear, over stretch, bruises (tissue alteration); extreme temperature

A

inury

142
Q

cell death

A

necrosis

143
Q

chemical, mechanical, genetical, growth spurts, accumulated damage

A

ageing

144
Q

Cellular senescence

A

50x

145
Q

accumulation of cellular senescence

A

cellular ageing

146
Q

Abnormal mass of tissues

A

Neoplasm

147
Q

increase in cell number = increase cell volume; mitotic division

A

Hyperplasia

148
Q

no mitotic

A
149
Q

conversion

A

metaplasia

150
Q

disorderly growth of cells

A

dysplasia

151
Q

Enlargement or organs due to increase in number of cells due to

A

benign hyperplasia; bone marrow, enlarged mammary

152
Q

normal

A

Physiological

153
Q

not normal

A

Pathologic

154
Q

4 morphological adaptations

A

atrophy, hypertrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia

155
Q

not true adaptations; abnormal changes in shapes, size, organisation; atypical hyperplasia

A

dysplasia

156
Q

hormonal hyperplasia (proliferation of glandular epithelium of breast duringb)

A

physiologic hyperplasia

157
Q

Pregnant uterus

A

physiologic

158
Q

Part of the liver is removed= regeneration of hepatocyte; nephrons

A

Compensatory hyperplasia

159
Q

endometrium (reparative hyperplasia)= hormonal

A

pathologic

160
Q
A

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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