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ANAPHY > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

consists of
a group of organs that break down the food we eat into smaller
molecules that can be used by body cells

A

digestive system

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2
Q

a continuous tube that extends
through the thoracic and abdominal cavities from the esophagus to the anus through the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities

A

digestive canal

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3
Q

Organs of the digestive canal

A

esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal.

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4
Q

sustained contraction

A

tonus

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5
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

mouth teeth, tongue, salivary glands,
pharynx, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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6
Q

digestive system performs six basic processes

A

ingestion, secretion, motility,
digestion, absorption, and defecation

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7
Q

process involves taking foods and liquids
into the mouth (eating).

A

Ingestion

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8
Q

release of water,
acid, buffers, and enzymes
into lumen of digestive canal.

A

Secretion

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9
Q

capability of the digestive canal to mix and move material
along its length

A

Motility

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10
Q

the process of breaking down
ingested food into small molecules that can be used by
body cells

A

Digestion

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11
Q

large carbohydrate,
lipid, protein, and nucleic acid molecules in food are split
into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

A

Chemical digestion

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12
Q

Digestive enzymes produced by the salivary glands,
tongue, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine catalyze

A

catabolic reactions

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13
Q

The movement of the products of digestion
from the lumen of the digestive canal into blood plasma or
lymph plasma

A

absorption

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14
Q

elimination of
feces from digestive canal

A

Defecation

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15
Q

Layers of the Digestive
Canal

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa/adventitia

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16
Q

inner lining of the digestive canal, is a mucous
membrane

A

mucosa

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17
Q

epithelium in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal
canal

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Epithelium in the stomach and intestines

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Endocrine cells located among the epithelial cells that secretes hormones

A

enteroendocrine cells

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20
Q

areolar connective tissue containing many
blood and lymphatic vessels, which are the routes
by which nutrients absorbed into the digestive canal
reach the other tissues of the body; binds the epithelium to the muscularis mucosae

A

Lamina propria

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21
Q

also contains the
majority of the cells of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT); commonly found in the tonsils, SI, appendix, and LI

A

Lamina propria

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22
Q

Thin layer of smooth muscle fibers that throws the mucous membrane
of the stomach and small intestine into many small folds

A

muscularis mucosae

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23
Q

3 layers of the mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

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24
Q

consists of areolar connective tissue that binds
the mucosa to the muscularis; contains the submucosal neural plexus

A

submucosa

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25
Q

Contains the myenteric neural plexus

A

Muscular layer

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26
Q

Those portions of the digestive canal that are suspended in the
abdominal cavity have a superficial layer called

A

Serosa

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27
Q

Composition of serosa

A

areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
(mesothelium)

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28
Q

adventitia is present in

A

esophagus

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29
Q

The neurons are arranged into two neural plexuses: the
myenteric neural plexus and submucosal neural plexus

A

Enteric nervous system

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30
Q

plexus of Auerbach

A

myenteric neural plexus

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31
Q

plexus of Meissner

A

submucosal neural plexus

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32
Q

The plexuses of the ENS
consist of

A

motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons

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33
Q

motor neurons of ___ supply the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
layers of the muscular layer, this neural plexus mostly controls
digestive canal motility (movement), particularly the frequency
and strength of contraction of the muscular layer.

A

myenteric neural plexus

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34
Q

The motor
neurons of the ___ supply the secretory
cells of the mucosal epithelium, controlling the secretions of the
organs of the digestive canal.

A

submucosal neural plexus

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35
Q

connect the neurons of the myenteric and submucosal neural
plexuses

A

interneurons of the ENS

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36
Q

activated when food distends (stretches) the wall of a
digestive canal organ

A

mechanoreceptors, such as stretch receptors

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37
Q

nerves supply of parasympathetic
fibers

A

vagus (X) : most parts of the digestive canal
parasympathetic fibers from the sacral spinal cord: last half of the large intestine

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38
Q

nerves that innervate the digestive canal causes an increase in digestive canal secretion and
motility by increasing the activity of ENS neurons

A

parasympathetic nerves

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39
Q

nerves that supply the digestive canal arise
from the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

A

Sympathetic nerves

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40
Q

cause a
decrease in digestive canal secretion and motility by inhibiting
the neurons of the ENS. Emotion

A

sympathetic nerves

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41
Q

the peritoneal cavity may become distended by the
accumulation of several liters of fluid

A

ascites

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42
Q

organs lie on the posterior
abdominal wall and are covered by peritoneum only on their
anterior surfaces; they are not in the peritoneal cavity

A

retroperitoneal

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43
Q

kidneys, ascending and descending
colons of the large intestine, duodenum of the small intestine,
and pancreas

A

retroperitoneal

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44
Q

five major peritoneal folds

A

greater omentum, falciform ligament, lesser omentum,
mesentery, and mesocolon

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45
Q

the longest
peritoneal fold, drapes over the transverse colon and coils
of the small intestine like a “fatty apron”

A

greater omentum

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46
Q

“beer belly;” many lymph nodes

A

greater omentum

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47
Q

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

A

falciform ligament

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48
Q

arises as an anterior fold in the serosa of the stomach and duodenum, and it connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver

A

lesser omentum

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49
Q

pathway for blood vessels entering the liver and contains the hepatic portal vein, common hepatic artery, and
bile duct, along with some lymph nodes

A

lesser omentum

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50
Q

fan-shaped fold of the peritoneum, that binds the jejunum and
ileum of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal
wall

A

mesentery

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51
Q

Two separate folds of peritoneum; bind the transverse colon (transverse
mesocolon) and sigmoid colon (sigmoid mesocolon) of
the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesocolon

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52
Q

an acute
inflammation of the peritoneum, is contamination of the peritoneum by infectious microbes, which can result from accidental
or surgical wounds in the abdominal wall, or from perforation or
rupture of microbe–containing abdominal organs.

A

peritonitis

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53
Q

formed by the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates,
oral cavity, teeth, salivary glands, and tongue

A

mouth

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54
Q

lateral walls of the mouth

A

cheeks

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55
Q

are fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth. They contain the orbicularis oris muscle and are covered externally by skin and
internally by a mucous membrane.

A

lips or labia

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56
Q

inner surface of each
lip is attached to its corresponding gum by a midline fold of
mucous membrane called the

A

labial frenulum

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57
Q

space that extends from the lips and
teeth to the fauces and is divided into an oral vestibule and an
oral cavity proper

A

oral cavity

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58
Q

space bounded externally by the cheeks
and lips and internally by the gums and teeth.

A

oral vestibule

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59
Q

space that extends from the gums and teeth to
the fauces

A

oral cavity
proper

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60
Q

the opening between the oral
cavity proper and the oropharynx (throat)

A

fauces

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61
Q

wall or septum that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity, and forms the roof of the mouth.v

A

palate

62
Q

the anterior portion of the
roof of the mouth—is formed by the maxillae and palatine
bones and is covered by a mucous membrane; it forms a bony
partition between the oral and nasal cavities

A

hard palate

63
Q

posterior portion of the roof of the mouth; an arch-shaped muscular partition between the oropharynx
and nasopharynx that is lined with mucous membrane.

A

soft palate

64
Q

Hanging from the free border of the soft palate is a fingerlike
muscular structure called

A

Uvula

65
Q

major salivary
glands

A

parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

66
Q

lubricates and dissolves foods and begins the chemical breakdown of
carbohydrates and lipids.

A

saliva

67
Q

consist mostly of serous acini (serous fluid–
secreting portions of gland) and a few mucous acini (mucus-secreting portions of gland)

A

submandibular glands

68
Q

consist of serous acini only

A

parotid glands

69
Q

consist of mostly mucous acini and a few serous acini

A

sublingual glands

70
Q

Enzyme that starts the
breakdown of starch in the mouth into maltose, maltotriose,
and α-dextrin

A

salivary amylase

71
Q

secretion of saliva; is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A

salivation

72
Q

Amounts of saliva secreted daily

A

1000–1500 mL (1–1.6 qt).

73
Q

an inflammation and enlargement of the parotid glands accompanied by moderate fever, malaise (general discomfort), and extreme pain in the throat, especially when swallowing sour foods or acidic juices; it is due to paramyxovirus

A

mumps

74
Q

nerves stimulate the secretion of saliva

A

facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves

75
Q

accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane.

A

tongue

76
Q

move the tongue from side to side and in and out to maneuver food for chewing, shape the food into a rounded mass, and force the food to the back of the mouth for swallowing. They also form the floor of the mouth and hold the tongue in position

A

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

77
Q

They alter the shape and size of the tongue for speech and swallowing.

A

intrinsic muscles of the tongue

78
Q

a fold of mucous membrane in the midline of the undersurface of the tongue, is attached to the floor of the mouth and aids in limiting the movement of the tongue posteriorly

A

lingual frenulum

79
Q

“tongue-tied”

A

ankyloglossia

80
Q

The dorsum (upper surface) and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered with projections of the lamina propria covered
with stratified squamous epithelium

A

lingual papillae

81
Q

the receptors for gustation (taste) in taste buds

A

gustatory epithelial cells

82
Q

Lingual glands

A

lingual lipase

83
Q

are accessory digestive organs located in dental alveoli (sockets) of the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae.

A

teeth/ dentes

84
Q

The alveolar processes
(thickened ridges) are covered by the

A

gingivae

85
Q

consists of skeletal muscle; regulates the movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus

A

upper esophageal sphincter

86
Q

consists of smooth muscle and is near the heart; regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

87
Q

movement of food from the mouth into the stomach is achieved by the act of __ or swallowing

A

deglutition

88
Q

Three stages of swallowing

A

voluntary stage, pharyngeal stage, esophageal stage

89
Q

Swallowing starts when the bolus is forced to the back of
the oral cavity and into the oropharynx by the movement of
the tongue upward and backward against the palate

A

voluntary stage

90
Q

involuntary passage of the bolus through
the pharynx into the esophagus

A

pharyngeal stage

91
Q

The bolus stimulates receptors in the oropharynx, which send impulses to the

A

deglutition center of the medulla

92
Q

involuntary passage of the bolus through the esophagus into the stomach

A

esophageal stage

93
Q

progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscular layer, pushes the bolus on

A

peristalsis

94
Q

If the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close adequately after food has entered the stomach, the stomach contents can reflux
(back up) into the inferior portion of the esophagus.

A

Gastroesophageal reflux Disease

95
Q

J-shaped enlargement of the digestive canal
directly inferior to the diaphragm in the abdomen; connecting the esophagus and the duodenum

A

stomach

96
Q

Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form a soupy liquid called chyme

A

stomach

97
Q

Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCI (kills bacteria and denatures proteins), pepsin (begins the digestion of proteins), intrinsic factor (aids absorption of vitamin B12), and gastric lipase (aids digestion of triglycerides). Secretes gastrin into blood

A

stomach

98
Q

The medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines is called

A

gastroenterology

99
Q

stomach has four main regions

A

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric

100
Q

part of the stomach that surrounds
the opening of the esophagus into the stomach

A

cardia

101
Q

The rounded portion superior to and to the left of the cardia

A

fundus

102
Q

Inferior to the fundus is the large central portion of the stomach

A

body

103
Q

first part of the pyloric that connects to the
body of the stomach

A

pyloric antrum

104
Q

The second region that leads to the third region

A

pyloric canal

105
Q

third part which in turn connects to the duodenum.

A

pylorus

106
Q

the smooth muscle fibers of the sphincter fail to relax normally, so food does not pass easily
from the stomach to the small intestine, the stomach becomes overly full, and the infant vomits often to relieve the pressure

A

pylorospasm

107
Q

narrowing of the pyloric sphincter that must be corrected surgically

A

pyloric stenosis

108
Q

The surface of the mucosa is a layer of simple columnar epithelial cells called

A

surface mucous cells

109
Q

combined secretions of mucous cells, parietal cells, and chief cells.

A

gastric juice

110
Q

Epithelial cells extend down into the lamina propria, where they form columns of secretory cells called

A

gastric glands

111
Q

Several gastric glands open into the bottom of narrow channels called

A

gastric pits

112
Q

The gastric glands contain three types of exocrine gland cells that secrete their products into the stomach lumen:

A

parietal, mucous, chief cells

113
Q

Each peristaltic wave moves gastric contents from the body of the stomach down into the antrum

A

propulsion

114
Q

Because most food particles in the stomach
initially are too large to fit through the narrow pyloric sphincter, they are forced back into the body of the stomach, a process referred to as

A

retropulsion

115
Q

Once the food particles in chyme are small enough, they can pass through the pyloric sphincter, a phenomenon known as

A

gastric emptying

116
Q

The only proteolytic (protein-digesting)
enzyme in the stomach is (pH 2)

A

pepsin

117
Q

Another enzyme of the stomach, which
splits triglycerides (fats and oils) in fat molecules (such as those found in milk) into fatty acids and monoglycerides (pH of 5–6).

A

gastric lipase

118
Q

Secrete intrinsic factor; Needed for absorption of vitamin B12 (used in red blood cell formation, or erythropoiesis).

A

parietal cells

119
Q

Secrete hydrochloric acid; Kills microbes in food; denatures proteins; converts
pepsinogen into pepsin

A

chief cells

120
Q

Secrete pepsinogen; Pepsin (activated form) breaks down proteins into peptides.

A

chief cells

121
Q

Secrete gastric lipase; Splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

A

chief cells

122
Q

Secrete gastrin; Stimulates parietal cells to
secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen; contracts lower esophageal sphincter, increases motility of stomach,
and relaxes pyloric sphincter

A

G cells

123
Q

Regulates passage of chyme from stomach to duodenum; prevents backflow of chyme
from duodenum to stomach.

A

pyloric sphincter

124
Q

also known as emesis is the forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper digestive canal (stomach and sometimes duodenum)
through the mouth.

A

vomiting

125
Q

digest starches (polysaccharides), proteins, triglycerides, and nucleic acids

A

pancreatic enzymes

126
Q

retroperitoneal gland; lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach.

A

pancreas

127
Q

Larger of the two ducts. In most people, the pancreatic duct joins the bile duct from the liver and gallbladder and enters the duodenum as a dilated common duct called the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung

128
Q

The ampulla opens on an elevation of the duodenal mucosa known as the

A

major duodenal papilla

129
Q

The passage of pancreatic juice and bile through the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum of the small intestine is regulated by a mass of smooth muscle surrounding the ampulla known as the

A

sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla, or sphincter of Oddi

130
Q

Leads from the pancreas and empties into the duodenum about 2.5 cm (1 in.) superior to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

accessory duct (duct of Santorini),

131
Q

About 99% of the clusters, constitute the exocrine portion of the organ; The cells within pancreatic acini secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice

A

Pancreatic acini

132
Q

The remaining 1% of the clusters, form the endocrine portion of the pancreas. These cells secrete the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide

A

pancreatic islets

133
Q

what activates the trypsinogen

A

enterokinase

134
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas, as may occur in association with alcohol abuse or chronic gallstones

A

pancreatitis

135
Q

The liver receives oxygenated blood via

A

hepatic artery

136
Q

The liver receives nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood via

A

hepatic portal vein

137
Q

a yellow, brownish, or olive-green liquid. It has a pH of 7.6–8.6 and consists mostly of water, bile salts, cholesterol, a phospholipid called lecithin, bile pigments, and several ions.

A

bile

138
Q

gives feces their normal brown color

A

stercobilin

139
Q

Bile salts, which are sodium salts and potassium salts of bile acids (mostly chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid), play a role in the breakdown of large lipid globules into a suspension of small lipid globules

A

emulsification

140
Q

Absorbs about 90% of nutrients and water that pass through digestive system

A

small intestine

141
Q

increase the surface area of the small
intestine for digestion and absorption

A

Circular folds, intestinal villi, and microvilli

142
Q

secrete lysozyme, a bactericidal enzyme, and are capable of phagocytosis. Paneth cells
may have a role in regulating the microbial population in the small intestine.

A

Paneth cells

143
Q

Three types of enteroendocrine cells are
found in the intestinal glands of the small intestine

A

S cells,CCK cells, and K cells

144
Q

secrete an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize gastric acid in the chyme

A

duodenal glands, also called Brunner’s glands

145
Q

clear yellow fluid, is secreted each day. Intestinal juice contains water and mucus and is slightly alkaline (pH 7.6). The alkaline pH of
intestinal juice is due to its high concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3−)

A

intestinal juice

146
Q

The absorptive cells of the small intestine synthesize several digestive enzymes, called

A

microvillous-border enzymes

147
Q

localized, mixing contractions that occur in
portions of intestine distended by a large volume of chyme

A

segmentation

148
Q

Secrete secretin

A

S cells

149
Q

secrete cholecystokinin

A

CCK cells

150
Q

Secrete glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide.

A

K cells

151
Q

Intensifies peristalsis in the ileum and forces any chyme into the cecum.

A

gastroileal reflex

152
Q
A

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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