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ANAPHY > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Three steps involved in respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

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2
Q

The process of inhalation of O2 and exhalation of CO2; where gas exchange between the air of the atmosphere and alveoli takes place

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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3
Q

The process of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood of the pulmonary capillaries, where it gains O2 and loses CO2

A

External respiration

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4
Q

Gas exchange between the systemic arteries and systemic tissues cells; the blood in the arteries loses O2 and cells gives of CO2 from cellular respiration

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

Structures of the RS

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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6
Q

Division of RS based on structure

A

Upper and Lower Respiratory System

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7
Q

Structures at the Upper RS

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures

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8
Q

Structures at the Lower RS

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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9
Q

Division of RS based on function

A

Conducting and Respiratory Zone

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10
Q

Structures at the conducting zone

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

It functions to moisten, filters, and warms air and conduct it to the lungs

A

Conducting zone

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12
Q

Structures at the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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13
Q

function of the respiratory zone

A

gas exchange (between air and blood)

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14
Q

The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and
treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat

A

otorhinolaryngology

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15
Q

Specialized organ made of bony and cartilaginous framework which functions as the entry of the RS; it has external and internal (nasal cavity) regions

A

Nose

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16
Q

What bones forms the bony framework of the external nose

A

frontal, nasal bone and maxillae

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17
Q

what forms the cartilaginous framework

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

what are components of the cartilaginous framework of the external nose

A

nasal septal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, and alar cartilage

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19
Q

forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum

A

nasal septal cartilage

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20
Q

inferior to the nasal bones

A

lateral nasal cartilage

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21
Q

form a portion of the walls of the nostrils

A

alar cartilage

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22
Q

two openings called the nostrils (external nares) which lead into cavities called the

A

nasal vestibules

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23
Q

refers to prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration.

A

resonance

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24
Q

is a large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and
superior to the oral cavity; it is lined with muscle and mucous membrane.

A

Nasal cavity

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25
Q

A vertical partition that divides the
nasal cavity into right and left sides; vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, maxillae, and palatine bones (VEMP)

A

nasal septum

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26
Q

posteriorly the nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx through two openings

A

choanae

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27
Q

Two ducts that opens into the nasal cavity

A

paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts

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28
Q

Skull bones containing the paranasal sinuses (F, E, M, S)

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxillae, and sphenoid

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29
Q

serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing.

A

paranasal sinuses

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30
Q

Roofs the internal nose

A

ethmoid bone

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31
Q

floor of the internal nose

A

palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae, which together constitute the hard palate

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32
Q

The respiratory region is lined with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells, which is frequently
called the respiratory epithelium

33
Q

The anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils

A

nasal vestibule

34
Q

Three shelves formed by projections of
the

A

superior nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae, and inferior nasal conchae bone

35
Q

The conchae, almost reaching the nasal
septum, subdivide each side of the nasal cavity into a series of groovelike air passageways

A

superior, middle, and inferior
nasal meatuses

36
Q

surgical removal of the tonsils

A

tonsillectomy

37
Q

olfactory epithelium location

A

respiratory region

38
Q

is a funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm (5 in.) long that starts at the choanae and extends to the level of the cricoid cartilage, the most inferior cartilage of the larynx (voice box)

A

pharnyx

39
Q

functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils, which
participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders

A

pharynx

40
Q

The pharynx can be divided into three anatomical regions

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

41
Q

forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, is an arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx that is lined by mucous membrane

A

soft palate

42
Q

superior portion of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx

43
Q

It has only one opening into it, the fauces, the opening from the mouth

A

oropharynx

44
Q

This portion of the pharynx has both respiratory and digestive functions, serving as a common passageway for air, food, and drink.

A

oropharynx

45
Q

Tissue of the oropharynx

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

46
Q

Two pairs of tonsils in the oropharynx

A

palatine and lingual tonsils

47
Q

begins at the level of the hyoid bone. At its
inferior end it opens into the esophagus (food tube) posteriorly and the larynx (voice box) anteriorly; similar to oropharynx

A

laryngopharynx

48
Q

a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea (the fourth
through sixth cervical vertebrae (C4–C6))

A

larynx

49
Q

How many pieces of cartilage is there in the larynx

A

nine (Three occur singly (thyroid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage, and cricoid cartilage), and three occur in pairs (arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages).

50
Q

Paired cartilage that influence changes in position and tension of the vocal folds (true vocal cords for speech).

A

arytenoid

51
Q

the space that extends from the entrance into the larynx down to the inferior border of the
cricoid cartilage

A

laryngeal cavity

52
Q

portion of the laryngeal cavity above the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) is called

A

laryngeal vestibule

53
Q

consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape

A

thyroid cartilage (laryngeal prominence or Adam’s apple)

54
Q

The ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone is called the

A

thyrohyoid membrane

55
Q

refers to the epiglottic cartilage and its mucous membrane covering

A

epiglottis

56
Q

consists of a pair of folds of mucous membrane, the vocal folds (true vocal cords) in the larynx, and the space between them called the rima glottidis

A

glottis

57
Q

When small particles of dust, smoke, food, or liquids pass into the larynx

A

cough reflex

58
Q

landmark for making an emergency airway
called a tracheotomy

A

cricoid cartilage

59
Q

principal structures of voice production.

A

vocal cords

60
Q

The variation in the pitch of the sound is related to the

A

tension in the vocal cords

61
Q

Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

A

moves the vocal folds apart (abduction), thereby opening the rima glottidis

62
Q

contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

A

moves the vocal folds together (adduction), thereby closing the rima glottidis

63
Q

vocal folds are usually thicker and longer in
males than in females, and therefore they vibrate more slowly

A

due to androgens

64
Q

accomplished by closing all but the posterior portion of the rima glottidis

A

whispering

65
Q

inflammation of the larynx that is most often
caused by a respiratory infection or irritants such as cigarette smoke.

A

laryngitis

66
Q

found almost exclusively in individuals who
smoke

A

Cancer of the Larynx

67
Q

Several conditions may block airflow by obstructing the trachea. Two methods are used to reestablilsh airflow when this happens.

A

tracheostomy; endotracheal intubation

68
Q

the main bronchus that is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the other

A

right main (primary) bronchus

69
Q

At the point where the trachea divides into right and left main bronchi an internal ridge called

A

carina

70
Q

Widening and distortion of the carina is a serious sign because it usually indicates

A

carcinoma of the lymph nodes

71
Q

sequence of bronchi division

A

main - lobar - segmental - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

72
Q

represent the end of the conducting zone of the respiratory system

A

terminal bronchioles

73
Q

nonciliated columnar cells, interspersed among ciliated simple columnar cells; may protect against harmful effects of inhaled toxins and carcinogens, produce surfactant

A

exocrine bronchiolar (Clara) cells,

74
Q

This fluid reduces friction between the membranes, allowing them to slide easily over one another during breathing. Pleural fluid also causes the two membranes to adhere to one another just as a film of water causes two glass microscope slides to stick together, a
phenomenon called surface tension.

A

pleural fluid

75
Q

Inflammation of the pleural membrane

A

pleurisy or pleuritis

76
Q

If the inflammation persists, excess fluid
accumulates in the pleural space, a condition known as

A

pleural effusion

77
Q

ertain conditions, the pleural cavities may fill with air

A

pneumothorax

78
Q

Medially, the left lung also contains a concavity in which the apex of the heart lies

A

cardiac notch

79
Q
A

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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