Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Three steps involved in respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

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2
Q

The process of inhalation of O2 and exhalation of CO2; where gas exchange between the air of the atmosphere and alveoli takes place

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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3
Q

The process of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood of the pulmonary capillaries, where it gains O2 and loses CO2

A

External respiration

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4
Q

Gas exchange between the systemic arteries and systemic tissues cells; the blood in the arteries loses O2 and cells gives of CO2 from cellular respiration

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

Structures of the RS

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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6
Q

Division of RS based on structure

A

Upper and Lower Respiratory System

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7
Q

Structures at the Upper RS

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures

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8
Q

Structures at the Lower RS

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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9
Q

Division of RS based on function

A

Conducting and Respiratory Zone

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10
Q

Structures at the conducting zone

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

It functions to moisten, filters, and warms air and conduct it to the lungs

A

Conducting zone

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12
Q

Structures at the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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13
Q

function of the respiratory zone

A

gas exchange (between air and blood)

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14
Q

The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and
treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat

A

otorhinolaryngology

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15
Q

Specialized organ made of bony and cartilaginous framework which functions as the entry of the RS; it has external and internal (nasal cavity) regions

A

Nose

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16
Q

What bones forms the bony framework of the external nose

A

frontal, nasal bone and maxillae

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17
Q

what forms the cartilaginous framework

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

what are components of the cartilaginous framework of the external nose

A

nasal septal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, and alar cartilage

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19
Q

forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum

A

nasal septal cartilage

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20
Q

inferior to the nasal bones

A

lateral nasal cartilage

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21
Q

form a portion of the walls of the nostrils

A

alar cartilage

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22
Q

two openings called the nostrils (external nares) which lead into cavities called the

A

nasal vestibules

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23
Q

refers to prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration.

A

resonance

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24
Q

is a large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and
superior to the oral cavity; it is lined with muscle and mucous membrane.

A

Nasal cavity

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25
A vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides; vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, maxillae, and palatine bones (VEMP)
nasal septum
26
posteriorly the nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx through two openings
choanae
27
Two ducts that opens into the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
28
Skull bones containing the paranasal sinuses (F, E, M, S)
frontal, ethmoid, maxillae, and sphenoid
29
serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing.
paranasal sinuses
30
Roofs the internal nose
ethmoid bone
31
floor of the internal nose
palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae, which together constitute the hard palate
32
The respiratory region is lined with
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells, which is frequently called the respiratory epithelium
33
The anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils
nasal vestibule
34
Three shelves formed by projections of the
superior nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae, and inferior nasal conchae bone
35
The conchae, almost reaching the nasal septum, subdivide each side of the nasal cavity into a series of groovelike air passageways
superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses
36
surgical removal of the tonsils
tonsillectomy
37
olfactory epithelium location
respiratory region
38
is a funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm (5 in.) long that starts at the choanae and extends to the level of the cricoid cartilage, the most inferior cartilage of the larynx (voice box)
pharnyx
39
functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders
pharynx
40
The pharynx can be divided into three anatomical regions
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
41
forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, is an arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx that is lined by mucous membrane
soft palate
42
superior portion of the pharynx
nasopharynx
43
It has only one opening into it, the fauces, the opening from the mouth
oropharynx
44
This portion of the pharynx has both respiratory and digestive functions, serving as a common passageway for air, food, and drink.
oropharynx
45
Tissue of the oropharynx
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
46
Two pairs of tonsils in the oropharynx
palatine and lingual tonsils
47
begins at the level of the hyoid bone. At its inferior end it opens into the esophagus (food tube) posteriorly and the larynx (voice box) anteriorly; similar to oropharynx
laryngopharynx
48
a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea (the fourth through sixth cervical vertebrae (C4–C6))
larynx
49
How many pieces of cartilage is there in the larynx
nine (Three occur singly (thyroid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage, and cricoid cartilage), and three occur in pairs (arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages).
50
Paired cartilage that influence changes in position and tension of the vocal folds (true vocal cords for speech).
arytenoid
51
the space that extends from the entrance into the larynx down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
laryngeal cavity
52
portion of the laryngeal cavity above the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) is called
laryngeal vestibule
53
consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape
thyroid cartilage (laryngeal prominence or Adam’s apple)
54
The ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone is called the
thyrohyoid membrane
55
refers to the epiglottic cartilage and its mucous membrane covering
epiglottis
56
consists of a pair of folds of mucous membrane, the vocal folds (true vocal cords) in the larynx, and the space between them called the rima glottidis
glottis
57
When small particles of dust, smoke, food, or liquids pass into the larynx
cough reflex
58
landmark for making an emergency airway called a tracheotomy
cricoid cartilage
59
principal structures of voice production.
vocal cords
60
The variation in the pitch of the sound is related to the
tension in the vocal cords
61
Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
moves the vocal folds apart (abduction), thereby opening the rima glottidis
62
contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
moves the vocal folds together (adduction), thereby closing the rima glottidis
63
vocal folds are usually thicker and longer in males than in females, and therefore they vibrate more slowly
due to androgens
64
accomplished by closing all but the posterior portion of the rima glottidis
whispering
65
inflammation of the larynx that is most often caused by a respiratory infection or irritants such as cigarette smoke.
laryngitis
66
found almost exclusively in individuals who smoke
Cancer of the Larynx
67
Several conditions may block airflow by obstructing the trachea. Two methods are used to reestablilsh airflow when this happens.
tracheostomy; endotracheal intubation
68
the main bronchus that is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the other
right main (primary) bronchus
69
At the point where the trachea divides into right and left main bronchi an internal ridge called
carina
70
Widening and distortion of the carina is a serious sign because it usually indicates
carcinoma of the lymph nodes
71
sequence of bronchi division
main - lobar - segmental - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
72
represent the end of the conducting zone of the respiratory system
terminal bronchioles
73
nonciliated columnar cells, interspersed among ciliated simple columnar cells; may protect against harmful effects of inhaled toxins and carcinogens, produce surfactant
exocrine bronchiolar (Clara) cells,
74
This fluid reduces friction between the membranes, allowing them to slide easily over one another during breathing. Pleural fluid also causes the two membranes to adhere to one another just as a film of water causes two glass microscope slides to stick together, a phenomenon called surface tension.
pleural fluid
75
Inflammation of the pleural membrane
pleurisy or pleuritis
76
If the inflammation persists, excess fluid accumulates in the pleural space, a condition known as
pleural effusion
77
ertain conditions, the pleural cavities may fill with air
pneumothorax
78
Medially, the left lung also contains a concavity in which the apex of the heart lies
cardiac notch
79