Urinary System Flashcards
Gross hematuria
Visible discoloration
Micro hematuria
Only detected via urinalysis
What does a intravenous urography (IVU) evaluate
Structure and function of kidneys, ureters, and bladder
What is the patient prep for IVU
Dietary : protocols vary
Patient : gown & pee to empty bladder (so it doesn’t dilute contrast)
What are some IVU indications
Flank pain ( kidney areas)
Hematuria
Obstruction
Kidney stone
Why do we use CT for most IVU’s
More diagnostic
Less pt dose
Increase cost
What is the scout image for an IVU for
- Locate kidneys
- Patient prep
- Obvious pathology
What positions are needed for IVU procedure
AP: mid ureter overlays spine
30 degree RPO/LPO: moves right ureter away from spine
Moves downside ureter away from spine
What does the post void IVU shows
Shows function and structure
10 degree caudal angle
2 inches below ASIS
What does a cystogram evaluate
Evaluates STRUCTURE only of the bladder
Size and shape
Reflux into ureter
What is the prep for a cysto
Dietary restrictions / prep: none
Patient prep : have patient pee to empty bladder
What kind of contrast is used for cysto
WS-ICM
Cystograffin (HOCM)
Omni or isovue (LOCM)
How does contrast enter the bladder
Drains into the bladder via gravity
What views are needed for a cysto
AP
-UVJ behind bladder
LPO/RPO (45-60 degrees)
- upside UVJ visible
Lateral
-CR 2 inches posterior to pubis
What does a voiding cystourethrogram evaluate
Evaluates structure and function of bladder and structure of urethra
How must male and female patients be positioned for a VCUG
Female: patient AP
Male: RPO 30 degrees
What does retrograde urogram evaluate
Structure only of ureters obstruction or patency
Often perform in OR setting with patient sedated
What kind of contrast is used for a retrograde
HOCM or LOCM
During a retrograde exam where is the catheter placed
Placed in the ureter to keep it patency
What does an AP pyelogram show
Shows the kidneys
What does an AP ureterogram show
The ureters only
What is vesicoureteral reflux
Valve at UVJ allows urine, pressure, bacteria from bladder into the ureter and kidneys
What is hydronephrosis
Swelling of the kidney and ureter due to urinary pressure
What is renal calculi or nephrolithiasis
Kidney stones
What is bladder diverticulum
Pouch from bladder wall
Leads to UTI’s
What is a urinary tract infection
Inability to empty bladder
What is a fistula
Abnormal connection or passageway between two organs or vessels
What is kidney embryology
When a proto kidney starts as one in the pelvis
Normally will split and migrate
What is an ectopic kidney
When the kidney is in an abnormal place or position
What is a horseshoe kidney
Proto kidney stays joined
What is staghorn calculus
Entire renal pelvis filled by stone
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPH
Enlarged prostate
Urethral compression
Bladder compression
