Urinary System

Question 1

Gross hematuria

Answer 1

Visible discoloration

Question 2

Micro hematuria

Answer 2

Only detected via urinalysis

Question 3

What does a intravenous urography (IVU) evaluate

Answer 3

Structure and function of kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Question 4

What is the patient prep for IVU

Answer 4

Dietary : protocols vary
Patient : gown & pee to empty bladder (so it doesn’t dilute contrast)

Question 5

What are some IVU indications

Answer 5

Flank pain ( kidney areas)
Hematuria
Obstruction
Kidney stone

Question 6

Why do we use CT for most IVU’s

Answer 6

More diagnostic
Less pt dose
Increase cost

Question 7

What is the scout image for an IVU for

Answer 7

1. Locate kidneys
2. Patient prep
3. Obvious pathology

Question 8

What positions are needed for IVU procedure

Answer 8

AP: mid ureter overlays spine

30 degree RPO/LPO: moves right ureter away from spine

Moves downside ureter away from spine

Question 9

What does the post void IVU shows

Answer 9

Shows function and structure

10 degree caudal angle
2 inches below ASIS

Question 10

What does a cystogram evaluate

Answer 10

Evaluates STRUCTURE only of the bladder
Size and shape
Reflux into ureter

Question 11

What is the prep for a cysto

Answer 11

Dietary restrictions / prep: none

Patient prep : have patient pee to empty bladder

Question 12

What kind of contrast is used for cysto

Answer 12

WS-ICM
Cystograffin (HOCM)
Omni or isovue (LOCM)

Question 13

How does contrast enter the bladder

Answer 13

Drains into the bladder via gravity

Question 14

What views are needed for a cysto

Answer 14

AP
-UVJ behind bladder

LPO/RPO (45-60 degrees)
- upside UVJ visible

Lateral
-CR 2 inches posterior to pubis

Question 15

What does a voiding cystourethrogram evaluate

Answer 15

Evaluates structure and function of bladder and structure of urethra

Question 16

How must male and female patients be positioned for a VCUG

Answer 16

Female: patient AP

Male: RPO 30 degrees

Question 17

What does retrograde urogram evaluate

Answer 17

Structure only of ureters obstruction or patency

Often perform in OR setting with patient sedated

Question 18

What kind of contrast is used for a retrograde

Answer 18

HOCM or LOCM

Question 19

During a retrograde exam where is the catheter placed

Answer 19

Placed in the ureter to keep it patency

Question 20

What does an AP pyelogram show

Answer 20

Shows the kidneys

Question 21

What does an AP ureterogram show

Answer 21

The ureters only

Question 22

What is vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 22

Valve at UVJ allows urine, pressure, bacteria from bladder into the ureter and kidneys

Question 23

What is hydronephrosis

Answer 23

Swelling of the kidney and ureter due to urinary pressure

Question 24

What is renal calculi or nephrolithiasis

Answer 24

Kidney stones

Question 25

What is bladder diverticulum

Answer 25

Pouch from bladder wall

Leads to UTI’s

Question 26

What is a urinary tract infection

Answer 26

Inability to empty bladder

Question 27

What is a fistula

Answer 27

Abnormal connection or passageway between two organs or vessels

Question 28

What is kidney embryology

Answer 28

When a proto kidney starts as one in the pelvis

Normally will split and migrate

Question 29

What is an ectopic kidney

Answer 29

When the kidney is in an abnormal place or position

Question 30

What is a horseshoe kidney

Answer 30

Proto kidney stays joined

Question 31

What is staghorn calculus

Answer 31

Entire renal pelvis filled by stone

Question 32

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 32

BPH
Enlarged prostate
Urethral compression
Bladder compression