Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Gross hematuria

A

Visible discoloration

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2
Q

Micro hematuria

A

Only detected via urinalysis

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3
Q

What does a intravenous urography (IVU) evaluate

A

Structure and function of kidneys, ureters, and bladder

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4
Q

What is the patient prep for IVU

A

Dietary : protocols vary
Patient : gown & pee to empty bladder (so it doesn’t dilute contrast)

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5
Q

What are some IVU indications

A

Flank pain ( kidney areas)
Hematuria
Obstruction
Kidney stone

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6
Q

Why do we use CT for most IVU’s

A

More diagnostic
Less pt dose
Increase cost

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7
Q

What is the scout image for an IVU for

A
  1. Locate kidneys
  2. Patient prep
  3. Obvious pathology
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8
Q

What positions are needed for IVU procedure

A

AP: mid ureter overlays spine

30 degree RPO/LPO: moves right ureter away from spine

Moves downside ureter away from spine

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9
Q

What does the post void IVU shows

A

Shows function and structure

10 degree caudal angle
2 inches below ASIS

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10
Q

What does a cystogram evaluate

A

Evaluates STRUCTURE only of the bladder
Size and shape
Reflux into ureter

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11
Q

What is the prep for a cysto

A

Dietary restrictions / prep: none

Patient prep : have patient pee to empty bladder

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12
Q

What kind of contrast is used for cysto

A

WS-ICM
Cystograffin (HOCM)
Omni or isovue (LOCM)

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13
Q

How does contrast enter the bladder

A

Drains into the bladder via gravity

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14
Q

What views are needed for a cysto

A

AP
-UVJ behind bladder

LPO/RPO (45-60 degrees)
- upside UVJ visible

Lateral
-CR 2 inches posterior to pubis

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15
Q

What does a voiding cystourethrogram evaluate

A

Evaluates structure and function of bladder and structure of urethra

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16
Q

How must male and female patients be positioned for a VCUG

A

Female: patient AP

Male: RPO 30 degrees

17
Q

What does retrograde urogram evaluate

A

Structure only of ureters obstruction or patency

Often perform in OR setting with patient sedated

18
Q

What kind of contrast is used for a retrograde

A

HOCM or LOCM

19
Q

During a retrograde exam where is the catheter placed

A

Placed in the ureter to keep it patency

20
Q

What does an AP pyelogram show

A

Shows the kidneys

21
Q

What does an AP ureterogram show

A

The ureters only

22
Q

What is vesicoureteral reflux

A

Valve at UVJ allows urine, pressure, bacteria from bladder into the ureter and kidneys

23
Q

What is hydronephrosis

A

Swelling of the kidney and ureter due to urinary pressure

24
Q

What is renal calculi or nephrolithiasis

A

Kidney stones

25
What is bladder diverticulum
Pouch from bladder wall Leads to UTI’s
26
What is a urinary tract infection
Inability to empty bladder
27
What is a fistula
Abnormal connection or passageway between two organs or vessels
28
What is kidney embryology
When a proto kidney starts as one in the pelvis Normally will split and migrate
29
What is an ectopic kidney
When the kidney is in an abnormal place or position
30
What is a horseshoe kidney
Proto kidney stays joined
31
What is staghorn calculus
Entire renal pelvis filled by stone
32
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPH Enlarged prostate Urethral compression Bladder compression