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Biology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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0
Q

How many kidneys does a person have?

A

A person has 2 kidneys.

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1
Q

Name the four organs of the urinary system.

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

How many ureters does a person have?

A

A person has two ureters.

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3
Q

Kidneys

A

A kidney is a bean-shaped, fist-sized organ where urine is formed.

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4
Q

Ureter

A

A ureter is a small, muscular tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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5
Q

Bladder

A

The bladder is an expandable organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body.

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6
Q

Urethra

A

The urethra is a tube (longer in men than in women) that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

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7
Q

Give the five functions of the urinary system.

A
  1. Excretion of metabolic wastes
  2. Maintenance of water-salt balance
  3. Maintenance of acid-base balance
  4. Hormone secretion
  5. Reabsorb filtered nutrients and synthesize vitamin D
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8
Q

How is urea made?

A

Urea is made by the breakdown of amino acids in the liver.

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9
Q

How is uric acid made?

A

Uric acid is made by the breakdown of nucleotides.

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10
Q

How is creatinine made?

A

Creatinine is made by muscle cells from the breakdown of creatine phosphate.

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11
Q

What is excretion comprised of?

A

Excretion is mostly of nitrogenous wastes.

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12
Q

What does the water-salt balance help maintain?

A

The water-salt balance helps to maintain blood pressure.

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13
Q

Name two homeostatic mechanisms of the urinary system.

A

Water-salt balance

Acid-base balance

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14
Q

How do the kidneys maintain the acid-base balance?

A

The kidneys maintain the acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions.

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15
Q

What is the blood pH maintained at?

A

The blood pH is maintained at 7.4.

16
Q

Renin

A

A hormone secreted by the kidneys to allow the adrenal glands to secrete aldoesterone.

17
Q

Aldosterone

A

Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that helps regulate the water-salt balance.

18
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production when blood oxygen is low.

19
Q

Vitamin D

A

Vitamin D is a molecule that promotes calcium absorption from the digestive tract.

20
Q

How does the urinary bladder work?

A

The urinary bladder stores urine, and sphincters keep it closed. An expandable wall contains a middle layer of circular fibers of smooth muscle and 2 layers of longitudinal smooth muscle. The lining of the transitional epithelium allows for expansion of mucosa, and filling activates stretch receptors which signal to the spinal cord.

21
Q

Renal Cortex

A

An outer granulated layer of the kidneys.

22
Q

Renal Medulla

A

The renal medulla is cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids.

23
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

The renal pelvis is a central cavity that is continuous with the ureter.

24
Q

Nephrons

A

Nephrons are a microscopic functional unit of the kidney that produces urine. There are more than one million of these per kidney!

25
Q

Name the three parts of the process of the nephron forming urine.

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

26
Q

Describe glomerular filtration.

A

Water, salts, nutrient molecules, and waste molecules move from the glomerulus to the inside of the glomerular capsule.

27
Q

Describe tubular reabsorption.

A

Nutrient and salt molecules are actively reabsorbed from the convoluted tubules into the peritubular capillary network, and water flows passively.

28
Q

Describe tubular secretion.

A

Certain ions and molecules (e.g., H+) are actively secreted from the peritubular capillary network into the convoluted tubules.

29
Q

Kidney Stones

A

Kidney stones are hard granules formed in the renal pelvis due to UTIs, enlarged prostate, pH imbalances, or intake of too much calcium.

30
Q

Uremia

A

High levels of urea and other waste substances in the blood that cause a serious condition when water and salts are retained due to extensive nephron damage.

31
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Hemodialysis uses an artificial kidney machine to subtract and add substances to the blood as needed.

32
Q

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

A

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal membrane to filter the blood and allows a person to go about their normal life without interruption.

33
Q

Kidney Replacement

A

A kidney replacement is when a single kidney is transplanted, with a high success rate.

Biology (21 decks)

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