Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Narrow cylindrical fibers, non-striated, uninucleate; occurs in walls of internal organs; is involuntary;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Types of Muscle

A

Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Has striated, branched, generally uninucleated fibers; occurs in walls of heart; is involuntary;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Has striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers; is usually attached to skeleton; is voluntary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of the Muscular System

A

Support the body
Allow for movement of bones and other structures
Help maintain constant body temperature
Assist in movement of fluids in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels
Protect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bursa

A

Fluid filled sacs that provide cushioning between tendons and bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tendon

A

The connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Origin

A

Attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment of a muscle on a bone that moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prime Mover

A

Does most of the work when moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Synergist

A

Assists the prime mover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Antagonist

A

Works against the prime mover - purpose is to undo what was done by the prime mover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Muscles are named based on what seven characteristics?

A 
Size
Shape
Location
Direction of fibers
Attachment
Number of attachments
Action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Do muscles pull or push?

A

Pull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T-tubule (transverse)

A

Portion of sarcolemma that penetrates muscle cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sarcomere

A

One contracting unit of the muscle cell; made of the proteins actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments shaped like a golf club

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

I Band

A

Region on a sarcomere where actin but no myosin is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

H zone

A

Region where myosin is but no actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A band

A

Length of the myosin fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do filaments go over one another during muscle contraction?

A

Filaments slide over one another - do NOT crunch up!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

First step of ATP in cellular work of motion…

A

ATP is split when myosin head is unattached (so becomes ADP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Second step of ATP in cellular work of motion

A

ADP + P are bound to myosin as myosin head attaches to actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Third step of ATP in cellular work of motion

A

Upon ADP+P release, power stroke occurs; head bends and pulls actin

28
Q

Fourth step of ATP in cellular work of motion

A

Binding of fresh ATP causes myosin head to return to resting position

29
Q

Power Stroke

A

Movement of myosin head to pull actin

30
Q

Troponin

A

Calcium complex that modifies the position of tropomyosin

31
Q

First step of Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

Nerve impulses (action potential) travels down motor neurons to a neuromuscular junction

32
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Where a motor neuron connects to skeletal muscle

33
Q

Motor unit

A

A nerve fiber and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

34
Q

Second Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from the neurons and bind to the muscle fibers. (Synaptic vesicles of the neuron contain ACh, a neurotransmitter, where it binds with receptor on the sarcolemma)

35
Q

Third Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

Binding of ACh stimulates impulses down the T-tibules causing calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

36
Q

Fourth Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

Calcium complex (troponin) modifies tropomyosin, exposing binding site

37
Q

Fifth Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

Myosin head binds with actin (thanks to ADP + P)

38
Q

Sixth Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

ADP + P are released, resulting in a power stroke

39
Q

Seventh Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

Additional ATP allows for myosin head to return to resting position and calcium to be pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A

Method of detecting changes in ions associated with muscle contraction

41
Q

Electrical voltages

A

Difference in charge from place to place - can be detected on surface of skin

42
Q

Motor unit

A

A nerve fiber and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates - “all or none”

43
Q

Motor Unit Recruitment

A

Increases the strength of contraction by increasing the number of motor units in use

44
Q

Fatigue sets in when…

A

…you have recruited same motor units for a while and depleted energy (ATP)

45
Q

Muscle twitch is…

A

A single motor unit contraction, caused by infrequent electrical impulses, and lasts a fraction of a second.

46
Q

Summation

A

Increase in muscle contraction until maximum sustained contraction (tetanus) is reached, and lasts until fatigue (muscle relaxes despite stimulation due to depletion of energy reserves).

47
Q

Tetanus

A

Maximal sustained contraction

48
Q

Fatigue

A

Decrease in a muscle’s ability to generate force, when the muscle relaxes despite stimulation due to depletion of energy reserves.

49
Q

Four sources of ATP for muscle contraction…

A

Stored in muscle fibers
Creatine-phosphate pathway
Fermentation
Cellular Respiration

50
Q

Creatine-phosphate pathway

A

Fastest way to acquire ATP but only sustains cell for seconds; builds up when a muscle is resting (anaerobic).

51
Q

Fermentation

A

Fast-acting but results in lactate build-up (anaerobic)

52
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Not an immediate source of ATP, but best long term source (aerobic)

53
Q

Myoglobin

A

Protein that transports oxygen directly to mitochondria of muscle cells

54
Q

Fast Twitch Fiber Characteristics

A 
Creatine-Phosphate pathway and fermentation for ATP
Fewer Mitochondria
Light Color 
Fewer blood vessels
Little myoglobin
55
Q

Slow Twitch Fiber Characteristics

A 
Cellular Respiration for ATP
More mitochondria
Dark color 
More blood vessels
More myoglobin
56
Q

Fast Twitch Muscle Characteristics

A

Anaerobic
Explosive Power
Fatigues Easily

57
Q

Slow Twitch Muscle Characteristics

A

Is Aerobic
Steady Power
Has Endurance

58
Q

Spasms

A

Sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that are usually painful

59
Q

Seizure/Convulsion

A

Multiple spasms of skeletal muscles

60
Q

Cramps

A

Strong, painful spasms often of the leg and foot

61
Q

Strain

A

Stretching or tearing of a muscle

62
Q

Sprain

A

Twisting of a joint involving muscle, ligaments, and joints

63
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Chronic achy muscles; not well understood

64
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Group of genetic disorders in which muscles progressively degenerate and weaken

65
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoimmune disorder that attacks ACh receptors and weakens muscles of the face, neck, and extremities

66
Q

Muscle Cancer

A

Cancers originating in support tissues (bone, muscle) are called sarcoma

67
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Lou Gehrig’s Disease; genetic disorder in which motor neurons degenerate leading to loss of voluntary muscle contractions

68
Q

Muscles contribute to homeostasis how…?

A

Allow for movement to let us respond to stimuli, digest food, breathe, etc.
Protect body parts
Helps to regulate body temperature

Biology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions