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Biology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

5 Types of Bones

A

1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Sesamoid
5) Irregular

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1
Q

5 Skeletal Functions

A

1) Supports the body
2) Protects soft body parts
3) Produces blood cells (in red bone marrow)
4) Stores minerals (calcium and phosphate) and fat (yellow bone marrow)
5) Permits flexible body movement (via attached muscles)

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2
Q

Long Bones

A

Longer than they are wide - e.g., femur

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3
Q

Short Bones

A

Generally cube-shaped, e.g. carpals

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4
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin bones consisting of spongy bone sandwiched between two parallel layers of compact bone (e.g. skull bones)

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5
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Embedded in tendons and increase muscle leverage (e.g., patella)

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6
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Bones that don’t fit into any other category

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7
Q

A long bone is comprised of…

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

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8
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of a bone

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9
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a bone

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10
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Space in compact bone, especially in the diaphysis (shaft)

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11
Q

Compact Bone

A

Living tissue composed of tubular units called osteons

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12
Q

Osteocyte

A

Bone cells, housed in the lacunae.

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13
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces in which osteocyte reside

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14
Q

Lamella

A

Layer of matrix made with calcium phosphate and collagen fiberfs

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15
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Lighter than compact bones, but still strong. Composed of numerous thin plates called trabeculae, separated by uneven spaces, which often contain red bone marrow.

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16
Q

Cartilage

A

Not as strong as bone, but more flexible, composed of many collagenous and elastic fibers. Lack of nerves allows for suitable “padding”, but a lack of blood vessels results in slow healing.

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17
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage forming cells that lie within lacunae

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18
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Firm but somewhat flexible; found in ends of long bones, nose, larynx, trachea

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19
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Stronger than hyaline; found in disks between vertebrae

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20
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

More flexible than hyaline cartilage. Found in ear flaps.

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21
Q

Ossification

A

Formation of bone

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22
Q

Intramembraneous Ossification

A

Bone development between sheets of fibrous connective tissue (used in flat bones)

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23
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Cartilage provides a “template” that is replaced by bone (used by most bones)

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24
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Undifferentiated connective tissue

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25
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells

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26
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Growth plate via which bones grow and lengthen

27
Q

Males stop growing around age…

A

20.

28
Q

Females stop growing around age…

A

16-18.

29
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger (protein or steroid) that is produced in one part of the body and acts on another.

30
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Stimulates general bone growth and growth of the epiphyseal plates.

31
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Increases growth during adolescence by stimulating osteoblast activity (estrogen is essential for bone maintenance in adult females and males).

32
Q

Vitamin D

A

Converted to a hormone to allow calcium absorption in intestines.

33
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone-absorbing cells

34
Q

Role of bone in homeostasis

A

Calcium, important in cell signaling, nerve and muscle function, and blood clotting, stored in bones. Body regulates calcium levels in the blood via hormones - parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

35
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Increases blood calcium by accelerating bone recycling, stimulates osteoclast.

36
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood calcium by stimulating osteoblast.

37
Q

Osteoperosis

A

Weakening of bones due to decreased bone mass.

38
Q

Bone absorption exceeds formation by when?

A

Age 40, usually.

39
Q

Risk factors for osteoperosis

A

Woman, white or Asian, thin, family history, smoking, diet low in calcium, excessive caffeine or alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle.

40
Q

Four stages of bone repair

A

1) Hematoma
2) Fibrocatilaginous callus
3) Bony callus
4) Remodeling

41
Q

Hematoma

A

Blood clot; forms between 6-8 hours after a bone break

42
Q

Fibrocartilaginous Callus

A

Forms between broken bones, about 3 weeks after a break

43
Q

Bony Callus

A

The fibrocartilaginous callus is converted into bone, about 3-4 months after a break.

44
Q

Remodeling

A

Bony callus is replaced by new compact bone tissue. Osteoclasts absorb spongy bone to create the medullary cavity.

45
Q

Articulations

A

Where bone meets bone (aka “joint”)

46
Q

Types of Articulations

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

47
Q

Fibrous Articulations

A

Usually immovable, such as the sutures between cranial bones

48
Q

Cartilaginous Articulations

A

Tend to be slightly movable such as the intervertebral disks

49
Q

Synovial Articulations

A

Freely movable joints - several classes - including the knee joint, ball and socket joint (shoulder, hip), and hinge joints (elbow).

50
Q

Flexion

A

Joint angle decreases

51
Q

Extension

A

Joint angle increases

52
Q

Adduction

A

Body part moves toward midline

53
Q

Abduction

A

Body part moves away from midline

54
Q

Rotation

A

Body part moves around its own axis

55
Q

Circumduction

A

Body part moves in a cone shape

56
Q

Inversion

A

Sole of foot turns inward

57
Q

Eversion

A

Sole of foot turns outward

58
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Lies in the mid-line of the body

59
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Lies away from the mid-line axis

60
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

Anchors the tongue; attachment point for muscles used in swallowing

61
Q

Vertebral Column

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx
62
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

Vertebrae 1-7

63
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

8-19

64
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

20-24

65
Q

Sacral Vertebrae

A

25-29, fused

66
Q

Coccyx Vertebrae

A

30-33, fused

Biology (21 decks)

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