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Biology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What does oxygen diffuse into?

A

Oxygen diffuses into plasma and red blood cells.

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1
Q

Give two functions of the respiratory system.

A

Allows for gas exchanges in the body

Helps to regulate blood pH (7.4 is ideal)

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2
Q

What is oxygen carried by in red blood cells?

A

Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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3
Q

What does carbon-dioxide diffuse out of, and what then happens to it?

A

Carbon-dioxide diffuses out of plasma into lungs and is then exhaled from the body.

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4
Q

What is the pathway that air follows?

A

nose-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchus-bronchioles-alveoli

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5
Q

Give the three parts of the upper respiratory tract.

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx

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6
Q

Nares

A

Another word for nostrils.

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7
Q

Where does the nose open, and what does it lead into?

A

The nose opens at the nares (nostrils) and leads into the nasal cavities.

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8
Q

What filters the air in the nose?

A

Hairs and mucus in the nose filter the air.

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9
Q

What is the function of the capillaries in the nasal cavity?

A

The capillaries in the nasal cavity warm and moisten the air.

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10
Q

Odor Receptors

A

Specialized cells in the nasal cavities act as odor receptors.

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11
Q

Where do the tear glands drain?

A

Tear glands drain into the nasal cavities. This can lead to a runny nose.

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12
Q

Pharynx

A

The pharynx is a funnel-shaped cavity commonly called the throat.

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13
Q

What do tonsils do, and where are they?

A

Tonsils provide a lymphatic defense during breathing at the junction of the oral cavity and the pharynx.

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14
Q

Larynx

A

The larynx is a triangular, cartilaginous structure that passes air between the pharynx and the trachea.

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15
Q

What is the larynx called, and what does it house?

A

The larynx is called the voice box, and it houses vocal cords.

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16
Q

Glottis

A

The opening in the middle of the 2 mucosal folds that make up the vocal cords.

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17
Q

What makes up the vocal cords?

A

The vocal cords are made up of 2 mucosal folds.

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18
Q

Name the three parts of the lower respiratory tract.

A

Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs

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19
Q

Trachea

A

The trachea is a tube, often called the windpipe, that connects the larynx with the primary bronchi.

20
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

The trachea is made of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and cartilaginous rings.

21
Q

What is the trachea lined with, and what function does this lining serve?

A

The trachea is lined with cilia and muscle that help to keep the lungs clean.

22
Q

Describe the bronchial tree.

A

The bronchial tree starts with 2 main bronchi that lead from the trachea into the lungs. They continue to branch until they are small bronchioles, which eventually lead to elongated sacs called alveoli.

23
Q

Bronchioles

A

Bronchioles are the small part of the bronchial tree, about 1 mm in diameter with thinner walls.

24
Q

What makes up the lungs?

A

The secondary bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli make up the lungs.

25
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

The right lung has 3 lobes.

26
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

The left lung has 2 lobes.

27
Q

How many alveoli are in the lungs, and what do they do?

A

There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs that greatly increase surface area.

28
Q

What are the alveoli enveloped by?

A

Alveoli are enveloped by blood capillaries?

29
Q

What do the alveoli and the capillaries allow?

A

The alveoli and the capillaries are one layer of the epithelium to allow exchange of gases.

30
Q

What are alveoli lined with?

A

Alveoli are lined with surfactant.

31
Q

What does the surfactant do in the alveoli?

A

The surfactant lining the alveoli acts as a film to keep the alveoli open.

32
Q

Name the two phases of breathing/ventilation.

A

Inspiration

Expiration

33
Q

Inspiration

A

Inspiration is an active process of inhalation that brings air into the lungs.

34
Q

Expiration

A

Expiration is a typically passive process of exhalation that expels air from the lungs.

35
Q

Give the first stage of inspiration.

A

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.

36
Q

Give the second stage of inspiration.

A

The diaphragm flattens and the rib cage moves upward and outward.

37
Q

Give the third stage of inspiration.

A

The volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs increase.

38
Q

Give the fourth stage of inspiration.

A

In the fourth stage of inspiration, the air pressure within the lungs decreases.

39
Q

Give the fifth and final stage of inspiration.

A

In the final stage of inspiration, air flows into the lungs.

40
Q

Give the first stage of expiration.

A

In the first stage of expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.

41
Q

Give the second stage of expiration.

A

In the second stage of expiration, the diaphragm moves upward and becomes dome-shaped.

42
Q

Give the third stage of expiration.

A

In the third stage of expiration, the rib cage moves downward and upward.

43
Q

Give the fourth stage of expiration.

A

The fourth stage of expiration is when the volume of the thoracic cavity and the lungs decreases.

44
Q

Give the fifth stage of expiration.

A

In the fifth stage of expiration, the air pressure within the lungs increases.

45
Q

Give the sixth and final stage of expiration.

A

In the sixth and final stage of expiration, air flows out of the lungs.

46
Q

How does the respiratory control center in the brain control breathing?

A

The respiratory control center in the brain (medulla oblongata) sends out nerve impulses to contract muscle for inspiration.

47
Q

What is thought to cause Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?

A

Sudden infant death syndrome is thought to occur when the respiratory control center in the brain (medulla oblongata) stops sending out nerve signals.

Biology (21 decks)

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