Urinary System Flashcards
The removal of metabolic wastes from the body
excretion
Most of the body’s activities produce metabolic wastes, including __ __, that must be removed.
mineral salts
___ ___ leads to the production of CO2 and water. _____ of amino acids in the liver leads to the production of __ __ such as urea and ammonia.
aerobic respiration, deamination, nitrogenous wastes
Excretion is distinguished from ____, the removal of ____ material, such as dietary ____
elimination, indigestible, fiber
The principle organs of excretion in humans
lungs, liver, skin, kidneys
In the lungs, ___ and ___ __ diffuse from the blood and are continually ___.
CO2, water vapor, exhaled
__ ___ in the skin excrete water and dissolved ____, as well as a small quantity of ___. ___ serves to regulate __ __ since the evaporation of sweat removes __ from the body
sweat glands, salts, urea, perspiration, body temperature, heat
The liver processes ___ ___, ____ and other chemicals for excretion. ___ is produced by the deamination of amino acids in the liver and diffuses into the blood for ultimate excretion in the ____.
nitrogenous wastes, hemoglobin, urea, kidneys
___ ___ are excreted as bile and pass out with the feces
bile salts
The kidneys function to maintain the ___ of the blood, excrete numerous __ __ and ___ chemicals, and conserve ___, __ and ___
osmolarity, waste products, toxic, water, salt, glucose
The kidneys regulate the concentration of ___ and water in the blood through the formation and excretion of ____. The kidneys are ____ and are located behind the __ and ___. Each kidney is composed of approximately one million units called ___.
salt, urine, bean-shaped, liver, stomach, nephrons
The kidney is divided into 3 regions, the outer ___, the inner ___, and the __ ___. A nephron consists of a bulb called the __ __, which embraces a special capillary bed called a _____.
cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, bowman’s capsule, glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule leads to a long, coiled tube divided into functionally distinct units, the __ ___ __< the __ __ ___, the __ ___ __, and the __ ____.
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
The nephron is position such that the loop of henle and __ __ run through the _____, while the convoluted tubulues and bowman’s capsule are in the ____.
collecting duct, medulla, cortex
Concentrated urine in the __ __ flows into the ___ of the kidney, a ____ region that opens into the ____. This area from the kidneys empty into the __ __, where urine collects until expelled via the ____. Most of the nephron is surrounded by a complex __ ___ network that facilitates reabsorption of __ __, ___, salts and water.
collecting tubules, pelvis, funnel-like, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, peritubular capillary, amino acids, glucose
During filtration, blood pressure forces ___% of the blood plasma entering the ___ through its capillary walls and into the surrounding Bowman’s capsule. The fluid and small solutes entering the nephron are called the ___. This is ___ with blood plasma. Particles too large to filter through the glomerulus such as ___ ___ and ___, remain in the circulatory system. This is a ___ process driven by the ____ __ of blood. High blood pressure results in in an increased pressure which exerts extra pressure on the ___ ___ and can lead to ____ over time
20, glomerulus, filtrate, isotonic, blood cells, albumin, passive, hydrostatic pressure, kidney tissues, damage
During secretion, the nephron secretes __ ____ such as ___, __ and other metabolites from the __ ___ into the filtrate by both passive and active transport.
waste substances, acids, ions, interstitial fluid
During reabsorption, essential substances like __, ___ and ___ ___ as well as water are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to the ___. This occurs primarily in the __ __ ___ and is an active process. Movement of these molecules is accompanied by the ____ movement of water. This results in the formation of concentrated ___ which is ___ to the blood
sugars, salts, amino acids, blood, proximal convoluted tubule, passive, urine, hypertonic
Through the ___ ___ of its walls and the maintenance of an __ ___, the nephron is able to regulate the balance of salt and water in the body.
selective permeability, osmolarity gradient
A primary function of the nephron is to clean the __ __ of unwanted substances as the ___ passes through the kidney. Because blood plasma contains both wanted and unwanted substances, the nephron will ____ ____ wanted substances back into the plasma, while the remaining substances are excreted in the ____.
blood plasma, filtrate, selectively reabsorb, urine
The primary site of nutrient reabsorption is the __ ___ ___. The loop of Henle and collecting ducts play major roles in the regulation of water, sodium and ___ concentrations in the nephron. The distal convoluted tubule is the major site for secretion of substances into the ____.
proximal convoluted tube, potassium, filtrate
Each part of the loop of henle plays a distinct role in regulating __ __ and ___ ___. The descending loop of henle is very ___ to water but not to ___ or ___. The thin ascending limb of the loop of henle however, is ____ to water and permeable to ____ allowing for their passive diffusion. In the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle, __, ___ and ____ actively reabsorbed from the urine
water absorption, electrolyte concentrations, permeable, ions, urea, impermeable, ions, potassium, sodium, chloride
The production of concentrated urine is made possible by the establishment of an ___ ___ between the tubules and the ___ ___ that surrounds them. By exiting and then re-entering at different segments of the nephron, ____ like Na and CL, create the gradient, with ___ __ increasing from the ___ to the __ __. The gradient depends on a ____ system, a system in which energy is used to create an concentration gradient
osmolarity gradient, interstitial fluid, solutes, tissue osmolarity, cortex, inner medulla, counter-current-multiplier
The counter-current multiplier system causes the interstitial space in the ___ of the kidney to be ____ with respect to the __ ___ flowing through the renal tubule. As the filtrate travels down the collecting ducts on its way to the pelvis and ___, water flows from the ___ to the ____ ____ through osmosis. The water returns to the __ ___ via capillaries present in the medulla. The reabsorption zone of the kidney, which permits the concentration of urine, depends on the _______ of the collecting ducts to _____
medulla, hyperosmolar, dilute filtrate, ureter, ducts, interstitial fluid, systemic circulation, permeability, water
Regulation of the permeability of the collecting ducts to water is accomplished by ___ ___ also known as ___. This ____ the permeability of the collecting duct to water, allow ___ water to be absorbed and ____ concentrated urine to be formed. In some disease states, people have excess secretion of this hormone, which causes them to retain ___ ___ fluid
antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, increases, more, more, too much
____ is a steroid hormone that causes increased transport of ___ and ___ ions along the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct, resulting in ____ excretion of sodium ions and ____ excretion of potassium ions in the urine. Since water flows to the area of ___ solute concentration, this also causes additional water _____. Furthermore, aldosterone does not affect __ __ flow.
aldosterone, sodium, potassium, decreased, increased, higher, reabsorption, renal blood
ADH has the same net effect of increased __ ___ as aldosterone, However, ADH ____ affects water absorption by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, opening additional ____ (water channels) in these structures to allow water to be reabsorbed more readily. Both ADH and aldosterone cause a ___ in urine output and a corresponding increase in __ __, allowing the human body to compensate for periods of ___ or other causes of low blood pressure
water reabsorption, directly, aquaporins, decreases, blood pressure, dehydration
____ are drugs that target different parts of the kidneys to cause an ___ in urine production.
diuretics, increase
inhibit sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of the nephron; increase water present in urine
loop diuretics
inhibit the sodium-chloride transporter in the distal convoluted tubule; increase water present in urine
thiazide diuretics
Body fluid pH remains relatively constant at _____. This consistency is attained by the removal of ___ by the lungs and ____ ions by the kidneys.
7.4, CO2, H
pH is assessed by ____ pH, ___ __ ___ of ____and __ ___
arterial, arterial partial pressure, Co2, plasma bicarbonate
Type of acid base disorder that affects blood acidity by causing changes in the partial pressure of CO2
respiratory
Type of acid base disorder that affects blood acidity by causing changes in the HCO3
metabolic
Respiratory acidosis causes an ____ pCO2, a ____ blood pH and an ___ HCO3 as compensation
increased, decreased, increased
Respiratory alkalosis causes _____ pCO2, ___ blood pH, and ___ HCO3 as compensation
decreased, increased, decreased
Metabolic acidosis causes ___ HCO3, ___ pH, and ___ pCO2 as compensation
decreased, decreased, decreased
Metabolic alkalosis causes _____ HCO3, ___ pH, and ____ pCO2 as compensation
increased, increased, increased
Compensation mechanisms that affect pCO2 are performed by the ___ ___ and can effect change quite ____. However, compensation mechanisms that affect HCO3 are performed by the ____ are therefore take ___ to manifest.
respiratory system, quickly, kidneys, longer
The changes in acid-base chemistry within the body, as well as the ___ of the change, dictate how a patient will be treated ___. For example a change in pH due to a change in respiratory rate or function may be the result of ___ __ or ___ __ ___ ___, whereas metabolic acidosis may be due to __ __ or ___ __.
cause, medically, airway obstruction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney dysfunction, volume loss
