Animal Behaviour

Question 1

___ are automatic responses to simple stimuli and are recognized as reliable behavioural responses following a given _ ___. A __ __ is controlled at the __ ___, connecting a two neuron pathway from the ____ to the ____ neuron, which innervates the ___.

Answer 1

reflexes, environmental stimulus, simple reflex, spinal cord, sensory, motor, effector

Question 2

More complex reflex patterns involve neural integration at a higher level of the ___ or even the ____. For example the ___ response involves the integration of many neurons in a system termed the __ ___ ___ which is responsible for sleep-wake transitions and behavioral motivation

Answer 2

brainstem, cerebellum, startle response, reticular activating system

Question 3

____ patterns are complex, coordinated, ___ behavioural responses to specific patterns of stimulation in the environment. They are relatively ____ to be modified by ___. An animal has a ___ of them and a __ ___ to develop new ones.

Answer 3

fixed-action, innate, unlikely, learning, repertoire, limited ability

Question 4

The stimulus that elicits the fixed action pattern

Answer 4

releaser

Question 5

The particular stimuli that trigger fixed-action patterns are more readily ____, provided certain ___ or ___ of the stimuli are maintained. Certain ___ of stimuli are more effective than others in triggering a fixed-action pattern

Answer 5

modified, cues, elements, kinds

Question 6

The circadian rhythm is initiated ___ but modified by ___ factors. Daily cycles of eating involve both internal controls such as natural _ ___ and ___, as well as external modulators such as ____.

Answer 6

internally, external, bodily rhythms, satiation, clocks

Question 7

In many situations, patterns of behavior are established and ____ by ____ environmental stimuli

Answer 7

maintained, periodic

Question 8

Learning involves __ __ and is more significant in __ animals. The capacity for learning adaptive responses is closely related with the degree of ___ ___.

Answer 8

adaptive responses, higher, neurologic development

Question 9

When a habituated response tends to recover over time due to stimulus no longer being regularly applied

Answer 9

spontaneous recovery

Question 10

When the “neutral” stimulus is able to elicit a response even before conditioning

Answer 10

pseudoconditioning

Question 11

The way that stimulus-behavioural associations are believed to be ordered

Answer 11

habit family hierarchy

Question 12

The ability of a conditioned organism to respond to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

stimulus generalization

Question 13

Ability of the learning organism to respond differentially to slightly different stimuli

Answer 13

stimulus discrimination

Question 14

established after the organism has been conditioned, whereby stimuli further and further away from the original conditioned stimulus elicit responses with decreasing magnitude

Answer 14

stimulus gradient

Question 15

when environmental patterns / objects presented during a critical period in early life become accepted permanently as an element of its behavioural environment

Answer 15

imprinting

Question 16

Complex actions that function as signals in preparation for mating

Answer 16

reproductive displays

Question 17

The __ ___ minimizes violent __ __ by defining __ __ among members of the group

Answer 17

pecking order, intraspecific aggression, stable relationships

Question 18

Territories are typically occupied by a ___ or ___ pair and are frequently used for __, __ and __. It distributes members of the species so the __ __ are not depleted in a small region, and it reduces ___ __. The ___ the population, the __ the territories are likely to be.

Answer 18

male, male-female, mating, nesting, feeding, environmental resources, intraspecific competition, larger, smaller

Question 19

___ ___ trigger a reversible behavioural change in the recipient. They may serve as ___ ____, as ___ or __ ___ substances

Answer 19

releaser phermones, sex attracters, alarm, toxic defensive

Question 20

____ ____ produce long term behavioural and physiological alterations in receiving animals. For example, they can limit __ ___ in area of ___ ___ ___. These are. important in social insects like ants and bees, where they regulate __ ___ and ___ capacities

Answer 20

primer pheromones, sexual reproduction, high animal density, role determination, reproductive