Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
The human cardiovascular system is composed of a muscular, ____ heart, a network of __ ___ and the blood itself.
4-chambered, blood vessels
Blood is pumped into the ___, which branches into a series of _____. These branch into ____ and then into microscopic ____. Exchange of gases, ____, and __ ___ products occurs via diffusion across ___ ____. The capillaries then converge into ___ and eventually into _____ which carry ____ blood back toward the heart.
aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, nutrients, cellular waste, capillary walls, venules, veins, deoxygenated
From the heart, deoxygenated blood is pumped into the ____ where ____ is exchanged for ___, and this oxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped throughout the ___ once more
lungs, CO2, O2, body
The heart is the ____ ___ of the circulatory system. The right and left halves can be viewed as two separate _____. The right side of the heart pumps ____ blood into ____ circulation (towards the lungs), whereas the left side pumps ____ blood into ___ circulation (throughout the body).
driving force, pumps, deoxygenated, pulmonary, oxygenated, systemic
The two upper chambers are called ____ and the two lower chambers are called ____. The former are ____, whereas the latter are extremely ____.
atria, ventricles, thin-walled, muscular
The ____ ventricle is more muscular than the ____ because it is responsible for generating the force that propels the ___ ___ and because it pumps against a higher _____. As a result, in patients with increased systemic resistance, the left ventricle can become ____ (enlarged), which over time can lead to ___ ____ ___ and other cardiovascular diseases
left, right, systemic circulation, resistance, hypertrophied, congestive heart failure
Blood returning from the body first flows through the ____ __ into the __ ____, and finally through the ___ ___ ___ into the pulmonary arteries to continue to the lungs.
right atrium, tricuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve
Blood returning from the lungs flows through the ___ ___ into the ___ __ then through the __ __ into the left ventricle, and finally out through the __ __ ___ into systemic circulation
pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic semilunar valve
Located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart and prevent backflow of blood into the atria
atrioventricular valves
The valve on the right side of the heart that has 3 cusps
tricuspid valve
The valve on the left side of the heart that has two cusps
mitral valve
Valves located between the left ventricle and the aorta or right ventricle and pulmonary artery; have 3 cusps
semilunar valves/aortic valves/pulmonic valve
The sound of a heartbeat is made by the successive closing of the ___ and ___ valves
atrioventricular, semilunar
The heart’s pumping cycle is divided into two alternating phases, ___ and ____, which together make up the heartbeat.
systole, diastole
Systole is the period during which the ventricles _____, forcing blood ___ of the heart into the ___ and ___ circulation.
contract, out, pulmonary, systemic
Diastole is the period of cardiac muscle _____ during which blood ____ into all 4 ____.
relaxation, drains, chambers
the total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute
cardiac output
cardiac output = ______ x _____
heart rate, stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction
stroke volume
Cardiac muscle contracts ____ without stimulation from the nervous system, producing _____ that spread through its internal ___ ___.
rhythmically, impulses, conducting system
An ordinary cardiac contraction originates in, and is regulated by the _______ ____ or the ____. This is a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the __ ____. This spreads impulses through both ___, stimulating them to contract _____.
sinoatrial node, pacemaker, right atrium, atria, simultaneously
The impulse arrives at the ____ ___, which slowly conducts impulses to the rest of the heart, allowing enough time for ____ _____ and for the ventricles to fill with ____. The impulse is then carried by the bundle of ______ or the ___ ___, which branches into the ___ and ___ bundle branches. Finally, it passes through the __ __ in the walls of both ventricles, stimulating a strong contraction. This forces blood ___ of the heart into circulation
atrioventricular node, atrial contraction, blood, His, AV bundle, right, left, purkinje fibers, out
The ____ modifies the rate of heart contraction. The PNS innervates the heart via the __ __ and causes a ___ in heart rate. The SNS innervates the heart via the ___ and __ ____ ___ and causes an increase in heart rate. The ___ ___ exerts hormonal control via ____ secretion, which causes an increase in heart rate
ANS, vagus nerve, decrease, cervical upper thoracic ganglia, adrenal medulla, epinephrine
thick walled, muscular elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart
arteries
Only the __ ___ transport ___ blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary arteries, deoxygenated
Relatively thin-walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart
veins
only the __ ___ carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary veins
Much of the blood flow in veins depends on their ____ by skeletal muscles during ____ rather than on the pumping of the ___. Venous circulation is often at odds with ___, thus, larger veins, especially those in the ___, have ___ that prevent backflow.
compression, movement, heart, gravity, legs, valves
Capillaries have very ___ walls composed of a single layer of ____ cells across which respiratory gases, _____, ____, ___, and wastes can readily diffuse. Capillaries have the smallest ___ of all three types of blood vessels, and ___ ____ ___ must often travel through them in a single file
thin, endothelial, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, diameter, red blood cells
a secondary circulatory system distinct from cardiovascular circulation
lymphatic system
The lymphatic system’s vessels transport excess _ ____ called ___, to the cardiovascular system, thereby keeping ___ levels in the body constant
interstitial fluid, lymph, fluid
The smallest lymphatic vessels called ____, collect fats in the form of ___, from the ____ in the small intestine, and deliver them into the _____, bypassing the ___.
lacteals, chylomicrons, villi, bloodstream, liver
Lymph nodes are ____ along lymph vessels containing _____ ___ (____), that filter the lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and ____.
swellings, phagocytic cells, lymphocytes, pathogens
On average, the human body contains ___L of blood. Blood has _____% liquid components such as _____. This is an aqueous mixture of nutrients, respiratory gasses, ____ wastes, hormones, and blood proteins such as ___, ___ and ___. ____% of the blood are cellular components such as ___, ___ and ____.
4-6, 55, plasma, salts, immunoglobulins, albumin, fibrinogen, 45, erthrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Known as white blood cells; are larger than erthrocytes and serve protective functions
leukocytes
cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation; many drugs inhibit formation or adhesion to decrease clot development
platelets
known as red blood cells; oxygen carrying components of blood
erythrocytes
An erythrocyte contains approximately ___ million molecules of ____, each of which can bind up to __ molecules of oxygen. When hemoglobin binds oxygen, it is called ____. This is the primary form of __ ___ in the blood.
250, hemoglobin, 4. oxyhemoglobin, oxygen transport
Erythrocytes have a distinct ___, ____ shape that gives them both increased surface area for __ ___ and greater ___ for movement through thin capillaries.
biconcave, disk-like, gas exchange, flexibility
Erythrocytes are formed from ___ ___ in the __ ___. Their formation is stimulated by ____, a protein made in the ____. In the bone marrow, erythrocytes lose their __, ____ and ___ ___. Once mature, they circulate in the blood for about ___ days, after which they are ___ by special cells in the __ and liver.
stem cells, bone marrow, erythropoietin, nuclei, mitochondria, membranous organelles, 120, phagocytized, spleen
Finding immature erythrocytes circulating in the bloodstream (before they have lost their organelles) can be an indicator of a number of disease states, such as ___ ___. which is caused by the rapid ___ of red blood cells due to an ___ or ___
hemolytic anemia, destruction, infection, disorder
Erythrocytes have characteristic cell-surface ____. These are macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an ___ ____. The two major groups of red blood cell antigens are the _____ group and the ____ ____
antigens, immune response, ABO, Rh factor
It is extremely important during ___ _____ that donor and recipient blood types be appropriately matched. The aim to avoid transfusion of red blood cells that will be ____ or ____ by antibodies present in the recipients ____. A blood type have ____ antibodies, while B blood type have ____ antibodies. AB blood type have ___ antibodies
blood transfusions, clumped, rejected, plasma, anti-b, anti-a
Type AB blood is termed the __ ___ as it has neither anti-a or anti b antibodies, and therefore will reject transfusions of any blood type. Type O blood is considered to be the __ __, because it has no __ ___, and thus will not elicit a response from the recipient’s immune system
universal recipient, universal donor, surface antigens
The Rh factor is another ___ that may be present on the surface of red blood cells. Individuals may be ___ possessing the Rh antigen, or ____, lacking it.
antigen, Rh+, Rh-
During pregnancy, An Rh- woman can be ____ by an Rh+ fetus if fetal red blood cells enter __ __ during birth. If the woman subsequently carries another ___ fetus, the ____ antibodies she produced when sensitized by the first birth may cross the ___ and destroy red blood cells. This results in a type of severe anemia in the fetus known as ___ ____. This is not caused by _____ blood type mismatches between mother and fetus, because ____ and ____ antibodies cannot cross the placenta. ____ is a drug comprised of a mixture of antibodies given to mothers who are Rh- to prevent their immune systems from attacking the fetal __ ___ cells
sensitized, maternal circulation, Rh+, anti-Rh, erythroblastosis fetalis, ABO, anti-a, anti-b, rhogam, red blood
Rh factor is also an issue in __ ___, as patients who don’t possess the Rh antigen will ____ blood that is ____.
blood transfusions, reject, Rh+
The functions of the circulatory system are transport of ___, transport of ___ and ___, and ___
gasses, nutrients, wastes, clotting
The hemoglobin molecules in erythrocytes bind to ___ molecules of O2 each and contain ___. It can also bind to ___ in which case it is referred to as _____
4, iron, CO2, carbaminohemoglobin
Amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed into the bloodstream at the __ ____. Throughout the body, metabolic waste products like ___, __ and ___, diffuse into capillaries from surrounding ___. These wastes are then delivered to appropriate ___ ___
intestinal capillaries, urea, water, CO2, cells, excretory organs
When platelets come into contact with the exposed ___ of a damaged ___, they release a chemical that causes neighboring platelets to ___ to one another, forming a __ ___. Subsequently, both platelets and the __ ___ release the clotting factor _____.
collagen, vessel, adhere, platelet plug, damaged tissue, thromboplastin
Thromboplastin, with the aid of its cofactors ____, and __ ___, converts the inactive plasma protein ____ to its active form, ____. This then converts ____ (another plasma protein) into ____. Threads of this __ the damaged area and trap blood cells to form a ____. This prevents ___ __ ___ while the damaged vessel heals itself. The fluid left after blood clotting is called ___, This complex series of reactions is called the __ ___
calcium, vitamin k, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin, coat, clot, extensive blood loss, serum, clotting cascade
____ a commonly used anticoagulant, works by inhibiting the recycling of __ ___. Without this essential ____, the clotting cycle is inhibited and patients are less likely to be able to form clots. Other types of anticoagulant medications work at other ___ along the clotting cascade
warfarin, vitamin k, cofactors, points
In the human respiratory system, air enters the ____ after travelling through a series of ___ ____. The air passages consist of the ___, ____, ___, ____, ____, ___ and _____.
lungs, respiratory airways, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system occurs across the very thin walls of the ____, which are ____ ___ at the terminals of the airway branches. 300 million alveoli provide approximately ____m^2 of moist respiratory surface for gas exchange. After this, the air travels back through the respiratory pathway and is ____
alveoli, air-filled sacs, 100, exhaled
The respiratory system also provides a very large area for __ ___, continually moving __ ___ over this area and protecting the respiratory surface from ___, ___ and ___ changes. It moves airs over the __ __ for the production of sound, and assists in the regulation of __ __ by regulating the rate of __ __ ___ from the blood.
gas exchange, oxygenated air, infection, dehydration, temperature, vocal cords, body pH, carbon dioxide removal
___ of the lungs is the process by which air is __ and ___. The purpose of ventilation is to take in ___ from the atmosphere and eliminate ___ from the body.
ventilation, inhaled, exhaled, O2, CO2
During inhalation, the ___ contracts and flattens, and the external ____ ____ contract, pushing the rib cage and __ ___ up and out. The __ ___ innervates the diaphragm and causes it to contract and flatten. These actions cause the __ __ to increase in volume. This reduces the ____, causing the lungs to expand and fill with air.
diaphragm, intercostal muscles, chest wall, phrenic nerve, thoracic cavity, pressure
Exhalation is generally a ___ process. The lungs and chest wall are highly __ and tend to ____ to their original positions after inhalation. The ___ and external __ ___ relax and the chest wall pushes inward. The consequent ___ in thoracic cavity volume causes the pressure to ____. This forces air out of the ___, causing the lungs to deflate
passive, elastic, recoil, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, decrease, increase, alveoli
____ is a protein complex secreted by cells in the lungs. This keeps the lungs from ____ by decreasing ___ __ in the alveoli. Babies born ____ do not always produce this and must be given them ____ until they can produce their own
surfactant, collapsing, surface tension, prematurely, artificially
Ventilation is regulated by neurons located in the __ ___ (respiratory center). When the partial pressure of ___ in the blood rises, this area stimulates an increase in the rate of _____.
medulla oblongata, CO2, ventilation
The primary goal of respiration is to maintain proper concentrations of ___, ____, and ___ ions in tissues. Hence, respiratory activity is highly responsive to changes in the ___ __ of these compounds. Excessive ___ and ___ are the primary stimuli for respiration. When these are increased, the respiratory center stimulates both the ___ and ___ muscles of the lungs. ___ levels do not have a significant effect on the respiratory center. However, they are monitored by ___ _____, which indirectly stimulate the respiratory center. Changes in ___ chemistry due to __ function can also influence ventilation
CO2, O2, H, blood levels, CO2, H, inspiratory, expiratory, O2, peripheral chemoreceptors, acid-base, kidney
A dense network of minute blood vessels called __ ___ surrounds the alveoli. Gas exchange occurs by ___ across these capillary walls and those of alveoli. Gases move from regions of ___ ____ __ to regions of __ ___ ___. Oxygen diffuses from the ____ ____ into the ____, while CO2 diffuses from the ___ into the ___.
pulmonary capillaries, diffusion, higher partial pressure, lower partial pressure, alveolar air, blood, blood, lungs
The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold
total lung capacity
The volume of air in the lungs ___ throughout respiration. The volume of air moved during a normal resting breath is known as the _ ___, which is significantly less than the __ __ ___. The volume of air could be additionally inhaled into the lungs at the end of a normal, resting inhalation is called the __ ___ volume. The volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal, resting exhalation is called the ___ ___ volume. The __ __ is the volume of air moved during a maximum inhalation followed by a maximum exhalation. Even after maximum exhalation, there is always some air left in the lungs, This is known as ___ ___
changes, tidal volume, total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, vital capacity, residual volume
