Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

The human cardiovascular system is composed of a muscular, ____ heart, a network of __ ___ and the blood itself.

A

4-chambered, blood vessels

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2
Q

Blood is pumped into the ___, which branches into a series of _____. These branch into ____ and then into microscopic ____. Exchange of gases, ____, and __ ___ products occurs via diffusion across ___ ____. The capillaries then converge into ___ and eventually into _____ which carry ____ blood back toward the heart.

A

aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, nutrients, cellular waste, capillary walls, venules, veins, deoxygenated

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3
Q

From the heart, deoxygenated blood is pumped into the ____ where ____ is exchanged for ___, and this oxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped throughout the ___ once more

A

lungs, CO2, O2, body

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4
Q

The heart is the ____ ___ of the circulatory system. The right and left halves can be viewed as two separate _____. The right side of the heart pumps ____ blood into ____ circulation (towards the lungs), whereas the left side pumps ____ blood into ___ circulation (throughout the body).

A

driving force, pumps, deoxygenated, pulmonary, oxygenated, systemic

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5
Q

The two upper chambers are called ____ and the two lower chambers are called ____. The former are ____, whereas the latter are extremely ____.

A

atria, ventricles, thin-walled, muscular

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6
Q

The ____ ventricle is more muscular than the ____ because it is responsible for generating the force that propels the ___ ___ and because it pumps against a higher _____. As a result, in patients with increased systemic resistance, the left ventricle can become ____ (enlarged), which over time can lead to ___ ____ ___ and other cardiovascular diseases

A

left, right, systemic circulation, resistance, hypertrophied, congestive heart failure

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7
Q

Blood returning from the body first flows through the ____ __ into the __ ____, and finally through the ___ ___ ___ into the pulmonary arteries to continue to the lungs.

A

right atrium, tricuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve

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8
Q

Blood returning from the lungs flows through the ___ ___ into the ___ __ then through the __ __ into the left ventricle, and finally out through the __ __ ___ into systemic circulation

A

pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic semilunar valve

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9
Q

Located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart and prevent backflow of blood into the atria

A

atrioventricular valves

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10
Q

The valve on the right side of the heart that has 3 cusps

A

tricuspid valve

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11
Q

The valve on the left side of the heart that has two cusps

A

mitral valve

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12
Q

Valves located between the left ventricle and the aorta or right ventricle and pulmonary artery; have 3 cusps

A

semilunar valves/aortic valves/pulmonic valve

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13
Q

The sound of a heartbeat is made by the successive closing of the ___ and ___ valves

A

atrioventricular, semilunar

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14
Q

The heart’s pumping cycle is divided into two alternating phases, ___ and ____, which together make up the heartbeat.

A

systole, diastole

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15
Q

Systole is the period during which the ventricles _____, forcing blood ___ of the heart into the ___ and ___ circulation.

A

contract, out, pulmonary, systemic

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16
Q

Diastole is the period of cardiac muscle _____ during which blood ____ into all 4 ____.

A

relaxation, drains, chambers

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17
Q

the total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute

A

cardiac output

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18
Q

cardiac output = ______ x _____

A

heart rate, stroke volume

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19
Q

volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction

A

stroke volume

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20
Q

Cardiac muscle contracts ____ without stimulation from the nervous system, producing _____ that spread through its internal ___ ___.

A

rhythmically, impulses, conducting system

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21
Q

An ordinary cardiac contraction originates in, and is regulated by the _______ ____ or the ____. This is a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the __ ____. This spreads impulses through both ___, stimulating them to contract _____.

A

sinoatrial node, pacemaker, right atrium, atria, simultaneously

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22
Q

The impulse arrives at the ____ ___, which slowly conducts impulses to the rest of the heart, allowing enough time for ____ _____ and for the ventricles to fill with ____. The impulse is then carried by the bundle of ______ or the ___ ___, which branches into the ___ and ___ bundle branches. Finally, it passes through the __ __ in the walls of both ventricles, stimulating a strong contraction. This forces blood ___ of the heart into circulation

A

atrioventricular node, atrial contraction, blood, His, AV bundle, right, left, purkinje fibers, out

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23
Q

The ____ modifies the rate of heart contraction. The PNS innervates the heart via the __ __ and causes a ___ in heart rate. The SNS innervates the heart via the ___ and __ ____ ___ and causes an increase in heart rate. The ___ ___ exerts hormonal control via ____ secretion, which causes an increase in heart rate

A

ANS, vagus nerve, decrease, cervical upper thoracic ganglia, adrenal medulla, epinephrine

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24
Q

thick walled, muscular elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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25
Q

Only the __ ___ transport ___ blood from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries, deoxygenated

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26
Q

Relatively thin-walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart

A

veins

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27
Q

only the __ ___ carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary veins

28
Q

Much of the blood flow in veins depends on their ____ by skeletal muscles during ____ rather than on the pumping of the ___. Venous circulation is often at odds with ___, thus, larger veins, especially those in the ___, have ___ that prevent backflow.

A

compression, movement, heart, gravity, legs, valves

29
Q

Capillaries have very ___ walls composed of a single layer of ____ cells across which respiratory gases, _____, ____, ___, and wastes can readily diffuse. Capillaries have the smallest ___ of all three types of blood vessels, and ___ ____ ___ must often travel through them in a single file

A

thin, endothelial, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, diameter, red blood cells

30
Q

a secondary circulatory system distinct from cardiovascular circulation

A

lymphatic system

31
Q

The lymphatic system’s vessels transport excess _ ____ called ___, to the cardiovascular system, thereby keeping ___ levels in the body constant

A

interstitial fluid, lymph, fluid

32
Q

The smallest lymphatic vessels called ____, collect fats in the form of ___, from the ____ in the small intestine, and deliver them into the _____, bypassing the ___.

A

lacteals, chylomicrons, villi, bloodstream, liver

33
Q

Lymph nodes are ____ along lymph vessels containing _____ ___ (____), that filter the lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and ____.

A

swellings, phagocytic cells, lymphocytes, pathogens

34
Q

On average, the human body contains ___L of blood. Blood has _____% liquid components such as _____. This is an aqueous mixture of nutrients, respiratory gasses, ____ wastes, hormones, and blood proteins such as ___, ___ and ___. ____% of the blood are cellular components such as ___, ___ and ____.

A

4-6, 55, plasma, salts, immunoglobulins, albumin, fibrinogen, 45, erthrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

35
Q

Known as white blood cells; are larger than erthrocytes and serve protective functions

A

leukocytes

36
Q

cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation; many drugs inhibit formation or adhesion to decrease clot development

A

platelets

37
Q

known as red blood cells; oxygen carrying components of blood

A

erythrocytes

38
Q

An erythrocyte contains approximately ___ million molecules of ____, each of which can bind up to __ molecules of oxygen. When hemoglobin binds oxygen, it is called ____. This is the primary form of __ ___ in the blood.

A

250, hemoglobin, 4. oxyhemoglobin, oxygen transport

39
Q

Erythrocytes have a distinct ___, ____ shape that gives them both increased surface area for __ ___ and greater ___ for movement through thin capillaries.

A

biconcave, disk-like, gas exchange, flexibility

40
Q

Erythrocytes are formed from ___ ___ in the __ ___. Their formation is stimulated by ____, a protein made in the ____. In the bone marrow, erythrocytes lose their __, ____ and ___ ___. Once mature, they circulate in the blood for about ___ days, after which they are ___ by special cells in the __ and liver.

A

stem cells, bone marrow, erythropoietin, nuclei, mitochondria, membranous organelles, 120, phagocytized, spleen

41
Q

Finding immature erythrocytes circulating in the bloodstream (before they have lost their organelles) can be an indicator of a number of disease states, such as ___ ___. which is caused by the rapid ___ of red blood cells due to an ___ or ___

A

hemolytic anemia, destruction, infection, disorder

42
Q

Erythrocytes have characteristic cell-surface ____. These are macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an ___ ____. The two major groups of red blood cell antigens are the _____ group and the ____ ____

A

antigens, immune response, ABO, Rh factor

43
Q

It is extremely important during ___ _____ that donor and recipient blood types be appropriately matched. The aim to avoid transfusion of red blood cells that will be ____ or ____ by antibodies present in the recipients ____. A blood type have ____ antibodies, while B blood type have ____ antibodies. AB blood type have ___ antibodies

A

blood transfusions, clumped, rejected, plasma, anti-b, anti-a

44
Q

Type AB blood is termed the __ ___ as it has neither anti-a or anti b antibodies, and therefore will reject transfusions of any blood type. Type O blood is considered to be the __ __, because it has no __ ___, and thus will not elicit a response from the recipient’s immune system

A

universal recipient, universal donor, surface antigens

45
Q

The Rh factor is another ___ that may be present on the surface of red blood cells. Individuals may be ___ possessing the Rh antigen, or ____, lacking it.

A

antigen, Rh+, Rh-

46
Q

During pregnancy, An Rh- woman can be ____ by an Rh+ fetus if fetal red blood cells enter __ __ during birth. If the woman subsequently carries another ___ fetus, the ____ antibodies she produced when sensitized by the first birth may cross the ___ and destroy red blood cells. This results in a type of severe anemia in the fetus known as ___ ____. This is not caused by _____ blood type mismatches between mother and fetus, because ____ and ____ antibodies cannot cross the placenta. ____ is a drug comprised of a mixture of antibodies given to mothers who are Rh- to prevent their immune systems from attacking the fetal __ ___ cells

A

sensitized, maternal circulation, Rh+, anti-Rh, erythroblastosis fetalis, ABO, anti-a, anti-b, rhogam, red blood

47
Q

Rh factor is also an issue in __ ___, as patients who don’t possess the Rh antigen will ____ blood that is ____.

A

blood transfusions, reject, Rh+

48
Q

The functions of the circulatory system are transport of ___, transport of ___ and ___, and ___

A

gasses, nutrients, wastes, clotting

49
Q

The hemoglobin molecules in erythrocytes bind to ___ molecules of O2 each and contain ___. It can also bind to ___ in which case it is referred to as _____

A

4, iron, CO2, carbaminohemoglobin

50
Q

Amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed into the bloodstream at the __ ____. Throughout the body, metabolic waste products like ___, __ and ___, diffuse into capillaries from surrounding ___. These wastes are then delivered to appropriate ___ ___

A

intestinal capillaries, urea, water, CO2, cells, excretory organs

51
Q

When platelets come into contact with the exposed ___ of a damaged ___, they release a chemical that causes neighboring platelets to ___ to one another, forming a __ ___. Subsequently, both platelets and the __ ___ release the clotting factor _____.

A

collagen, vessel, adhere, platelet plug, damaged tissue, thromboplastin

52
Q

Thromboplastin, with the aid of its cofactors ____, and __ ___, converts the inactive plasma protein ____ to its active form, ____. This then converts ____ (another plasma protein) into ____. Threads of this __ the damaged area and trap blood cells to form a ____. This prevents ___ __ ___ while the damaged vessel heals itself. The fluid left after blood clotting is called ___, This complex series of reactions is called the __ ___

A

calcium, vitamin k, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin, coat, clot, extensive blood loss, serum, clotting cascade

53
Q

____ a commonly used anticoagulant, works by inhibiting the recycling of __ ___. Without this essential ____, the clotting cycle is inhibited and patients are less likely to be able to form clots. Other types of anticoagulant medications work at other ___ along the clotting cascade

A

warfarin, vitamin k, cofactors, points

54
Q

In the human respiratory system, air enters the ____ after travelling through a series of ___ ____. The air passages consist of the ___, ____, ___, ____, ____, ___ and _____.

A

lungs, respiratory airways, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

55
Q

Gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system occurs across the very thin walls of the ____, which are ____ ___ at the terminals of the airway branches. 300 million alveoli provide approximately ____m^2 of moist respiratory surface for gas exchange. After this, the air travels back through the respiratory pathway and is ____

A

alveoli, air-filled sacs, 100, exhaled

56
Q

The respiratory system also provides a very large area for __ ___, continually moving __ ___ over this area and protecting the respiratory surface from ___, ___ and ___ changes. It moves airs over the __ __ for the production of sound, and assists in the regulation of __ __ by regulating the rate of __ __ ___ from the blood.

A

gas exchange, oxygenated air, infection, dehydration, temperature, vocal cords, body pH, carbon dioxide removal

57
Q

___ of the lungs is the process by which air is __ and ___. The purpose of ventilation is to take in ___ from the atmosphere and eliminate ___ from the body.

A

ventilation, inhaled, exhaled, O2, CO2

58
Q

During inhalation, the ___ contracts and flattens, and the external ____ ____ contract, pushing the rib cage and __ ___ up and out. The __ ___ innervates the diaphragm and causes it to contract and flatten. These actions cause the __ __ to increase in volume. This reduces the ____, causing the lungs to expand and fill with air.

A

diaphragm, intercostal muscles, chest wall, phrenic nerve, thoracic cavity, pressure

59
Q

Exhalation is generally a ___ process. The lungs and chest wall are highly __ and tend to ____ to their original positions after inhalation. The ___ and external __ ___ relax and the chest wall pushes inward. The consequent ___ in thoracic cavity volume causes the pressure to ____. This forces air out of the ___, causing the lungs to deflate

A

passive, elastic, recoil, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, decrease, increase, alveoli

60
Q

____ is a protein complex secreted by cells in the lungs. This keeps the lungs from ____ by decreasing ___ __ in the alveoli. Babies born ____ do not always produce this and must be given them ____ until they can produce their own

A

surfactant, collapsing, surface tension, prematurely, artificially

61
Q

Ventilation is regulated by neurons located in the __ ___ (respiratory center). When the partial pressure of ___ in the blood rises, this area stimulates an increase in the rate of _____.

A

medulla oblongata, CO2, ventilation

62
Q

The primary goal of respiration is to maintain proper concentrations of ___, ____, and ___ ions in tissues. Hence, respiratory activity is highly responsive to changes in the ___ __ of these compounds. Excessive ___ and ___ are the primary stimuli for respiration. When these are increased, the respiratory center stimulates both the ___ and ___ muscles of the lungs. ___ levels do not have a significant effect on the respiratory center. However, they are monitored by ___ _____, which indirectly stimulate the respiratory center. Changes in ___ chemistry due to __ function can also influence ventilation

A

CO2, O2, H, blood levels, CO2, H, inspiratory, expiratory, O2, peripheral chemoreceptors, acid-base, kidney

63
Q

A dense network of minute blood vessels called __ ___ surrounds the alveoli. Gas exchange occurs by ___ across these capillary walls and those of alveoli. Gases move from regions of ___ ____ __ to regions of __ ___ ___. Oxygen diffuses from the ____ ____ into the ____, while CO2 diffuses from the ___ into the ___.

A

pulmonary capillaries, diffusion, higher partial pressure, lower partial pressure, alveolar air, blood, blood, lungs

64
Q

The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold

A

total lung capacity

65
Q

The volume of air in the lungs ___ throughout respiration. The volume of air moved during a normal resting breath is known as the _ ___, which is significantly less than the __ __ ___. The volume of air could be additionally inhaled into the lungs at the end of a normal, resting inhalation is called the __ ___ volume. The volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal, resting exhalation is called the ___ ___ volume. The __ __ is the volume of air moved during a maximum inhalation followed by a maximum exhalation. Even after maximum exhalation, there is always some air left in the lungs, This is known as ___ ___

A

changes, tidal volume, total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, vital capacity, residual volume