Cell biology Flashcards
The cell theory says that all __ ___ are composed of cells, the cell is the basic ___ __ of life, the _____ _____ of life takes place inside the cell, cells only arise from ______ ____, and cells carry ____ ____ in the form of DNA which is passed from ___ to ____ cell
living things, functional unit, chemical reactions, pre-existing cells, genetic information, parent, daughter
The 6 kingdoms of life
bacteria, archaea, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
The ___ __ ___ says that the cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer that with proteins embedded throughout it than can move freely within the membrane
fluid mosaic model
The phospholipid bilayer is permeable to ___, _____ molecules like ___, and small ___ molecules like water. Small charged particles cross through __ _____, and larger charged molecules and ____ pass through by __ ____
small, nonpolar, oxygen, polar, protein channels, ions, carrier proteins
DNA is complexed with _____, which are structural _____. These _____ the DNA, and are also involved in regulation of __ ___. These together make _____
histones, proteins, compact, gene transcription, chromosomes
A dense structure in the nucleus where rRNA synthesis occurs
nucleolus
Ribosomes are the sites of __ __ and are synthesized by the ____. Free ribosomes are found in the ____, and bound ribosomes line the __ __ of the ___ ___
protein synthesis, nucleolus, cytoplasm, outer membrane, endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the ___ of materials throughout the cell, especially those destined to be ____ by it. The smooth ER does not contain ____, and is involved with ____ and production of ____. The ____ ER contains ribosomes and aids in __ ___
transport, secreted, ribosomes, metabolism, lipids, rough, protein production
The golgi apparatus receives ___ and their contents from the ___ __ and then modifies them via processes such as ____, repackages them into vesicles and distributes them to the cell surface for ____
vesicles, smooth ER, glycosylation, exocytosis
Mitochondria are the sites of __ __ within the cell and hence suppliers of ___, in the form of _____. Each mitochondrion is composed of an outer and inner ____ ____
aerobic respiration, energy, ATP, phospholipid bilayer
The cytoplasm includes the _____ (cellular fluid) and the _____. Transport within the cytoplasm occurs by _____
cytosol, organelles, cyclosis
vacuoles and vesicles are ______ ____ involved in the transport and ___ of materials that are ___, ___, ____, or ___ by the cell. Vacuoles are ____ than vesicles and are more likely to be found in ___ than ___ cells
membrane-bound sacs, storage, secreted, ingested, processed, digested, larger, plant, animal
Centrioles are composed of ____ and are involved in __ __ during cell division. They are not bound by a _____. Animal cells usually have a pair of centrioles oriented at __ ____ to each other that lie in a region called the _____. This region _____ microtubules and helps regulate the ____ of the cell cycle. ___ cells do not contain centrioles
microtubules, spindle organization, membrane, right angles, centrosome, organizes, progression, plant
lysosomes are membrane-bound ____ that contain __ ___ involved in intracellular ______. Lysosomes break down material ___ by the cell. A sick of dying cell may self-destruct by ____ the lysosome membrane and releasing its ____ ___. This process is called ____
vesicles, hydrolytic enzymes, digestion, ingested, rupturing, hydrolytic enzymes, autolysis
The cytoskeleton ___ the cell, maintains its ___ and aids in ___ ___. It is composed of ___, ___ and ___ ____.
supports, shape, cell motility, microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
microtubules are __ ___ made of up polymerized ___ that radiate throughout the cell and provide it with support. They provide a framework for __ ___ within the cell. ___ which direct the separation of chromosomes during cell division, are composed of microtubules. ___ and ___ are specialized ___ of microtubules that extend from certain cells and are involved in __ ___ and ___ ____
hollow rods, tubulin, organelle movement, centrioles, flagella, cilia, cell motility, cytoplasmic movement
Microfilaments are ___ rods of ____, which are important in cell movement as well as _____. ___ ___ is based on the interaction between actin with myosin. Microfilaments move materials across the plasma membrane, for example in the ____ __ of cell division and in ___ movement
solid, actin, support, muscle contraction, contraction, amoeboid
The net movement of dissolved particles from a region of higher to lower concentration that does not require energy
simple diffusion
When the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium
hypertonic
when a cell is hypertonic, water flows ___ of a cell. This process is called ___ and causes a cell to ___
out, plasmolysis, shrivel
When the extracellular environment is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cell.
hypotonic
in a hypotonic cell, water will flow ___ the cell, and cause it to ___ (burst). For example, ____ ___ cells will burst if placed in distilled water, and freshwater protozoa have __ ___ to pump out excess water and prevent bursting
into, lyse, red blood, contractile vacuoles
When extracellular environment has the same concentration of solutes as the cell cytoplasm and water moves back and forth in equal amounts
isotonic
The net passive movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane; does not require energy
facillitated diffusion
the net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins; requires energy
active transport
