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Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anything that takes up space and has mass

A

matter

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2
Q

complete transfer of electrons from one atom to the other due to atoms having very different electronegativities

A

ionic bond

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3
Q

sharing of electrons due to atoms with similar electronegativities

A

covalent bonds

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4
Q

equal sharing of electrons due to atoms with identical electronegativities

A

nonpolar covalent bond

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5
Q

unequal sharing of electrons due to atoms with different electronegativities that form a dipole

A

polar covalent bond

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6
Q

A weak bond that can form between a hydrogen and a F, O, or N that is attracted to another negative charge on another molecule; can be both intramolecular and intermolecular

A

hydrogen bond

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7
Q

An attraction due to the different distribution of electrons; weaker and more transient; interactions gets stronger the larger the molecule is

A

van der waals

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8
Q

Water is a highly ___ molecule capable of ____ ___

A

polar, hydrogen bonding

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9
Q

Water is an excellent solvent because the __ of water break up ___ or ____ ionic molecules, making it easy for water to dissolve substances and form __ __

A

dipoles, polar, ionic, hydration shells

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10
Q

Water has high __ ___. This means it can moderate the effects of __ ___ well, and is stable in response to outside changes.

A

specific heat, temperature change

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11
Q

Water is more dense as a ____ than a solid. This is because during freezing, the ____ ___ form a ___ that keeps the molecules separated

A

liquid, h bonds, crystal

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12
Q

Normally as you increase the ___ the density of the substance increases, resulting in a ___ slope on the phase diagram. For water, ice is less than the liquid phase of water, resulting in the unusual ___ slop

A

pressure, positive, negative

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13
Q

Water is highly attracted to __ substances due to its H-bonds, thus it has high ___. This causes high __ __, as the forces between the water molecules are stronger than the ___ trying to break it apart

A

like, cohesion, surface tension, air

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14
Q

Water is also attracted to ____ . Its polarity attracts it to substances that have ____. This gives it high __.

A

unlike, charges, adhesion

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15
Q

Water’s high adhesion and cohesion explains __ ___, which is the ability of a liquid to flow without __ ___, against gravity

A

capillary action, external forces

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16
Q

____ from leaves pulls water upwards due to cohesion and adhesion. The latter occurs between water and the __ ___ and the former occurs between water molecules. Both involve ___ bonds

A

transpiration, cell walls, h

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17
Q

Minerals are __ ___that the human body needs to function. They are found both ___ and ___ and have a wide variety of functions such as ___ __, establishing __ __ for muscle and nerve function and acting as a component of ___ in RBCs/

A

inorganic ions, intracellularly, extracellularly, bone development, electrochemical gradient, hemoglobin

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18
Q

Vitamins are __ __ that the human bodies needs to function. The major categories are ___ and _____.

A

organic molecules, water-soluble, fat-soluble

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19
Q

Fat soluble vitamins when consumed in excess are deposited in __ __ and thus overconsumption can lead to ___ levels in the body. An excess of water-soluble vitamins are ___ in the ___

A

body fat, toxic, excreted, urine

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20
Q

There are ___ B vitamins in total, and they are ____. They are usually __ or ___ to them in metabolic processes, and are also important for __ __ synthesis

A

8, water-soluble, coenzymes, precursors, blood cell

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21
Q

Vitamin C is a ____ vitamin necessary for ____ synthesis. The deficiency leads to ____, due to weak, and unhealthy __ ___

A

water-soluble, collagen, scurvy, connective tissue

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22
Q

Vitamin A is a ____ vitamin important for ___ ____ (Sight) and maintainance of the ____

A

fat-soluble, visual pigmentation, epithelium

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23
Q

Vitamin D is a ___ vitamin that aids in __ and ___ absorption (bone health) and is synthesized by the skin in the presence of ____

A

fat-soluble, calcium, phosphorous, sunlight

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24
Q

Vitamin E is a ___ vitamin that is an ___, which means it helps neutralize harmful __ ___

A

fat-soluble, antioxidant, free radicals

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25
Q

Vitamin K is a _____ vitamin that produces the necessary proteins for __ ___

A

fat-soluble, blood clotting

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26
Q

large molecules formed from the bonding of smaller molecules

A

macromolecules

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27
Q

The monomers of carbohydrates are ___, fats are ___, proteins are __ __, and nucleic acids are ____

A

monosaccharides, hydrocarbons, amino acids, nucleotides

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28
Q

Monomers can be linked via a ____ (producing water) reaction to form polymers. Polymers can be broken down in the process of ____ (adding water) to separate them into monomers

A

dehydration, hydrolysis

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29
Q

Carbohydrates primarily function to __ __ but they can be used as ___molecules. They contain Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that form __, __ and ___

A

store energy, structural, sugars, starches, fibers

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30
Q

Polysacchardes are held together by ___ bonds (covalent bond)

A

glycosidic

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31
Q

A single sugar molecule (e.g. glucose)

A

monosaccharides

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32
Q

Two sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage (e.g. maltose)

A

disaccharides

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33
Q

A series of connected monosaccharides (e.g. glycogen)

A

polysaccharides

34
Q

Sucrose is made of __ and __-

A

glucose, fructose

35
Q

lactose is made of __ and ___

A

glucose, galactose

36
Q

In the alpha form of a sugar, the OH group on the first carbon is pointing ____ the plane. In the __ form of the sugar, the oH group on carbon 1 is pointing ___ the plane

A

below, beta, above

37
Q

___ bonds form between alpha glucose molecules, where both OH groups forming the bonding are pointing ___ ___ bonds form between two beta glucose molecules where one OH group is pointing __ and the other ___

A

alpha-glycosidic, down, beta-glycosidic, up, down

38
Q

____ and ___ are both made of alpha-glucose molecules and have ___ structure

A

starch, glycogen, branched

39
Q

__ and ___ are made of beta-glucose molecules. The latter also contains __ molecules. They are both ___ polysaccharides with no branching

A

cellulose, chitin, N, linear

40
Q

starch is used as an energy storage in ___ whereas glycogen stores energy in ___

A

plants, animals

41
Q

Cellulose provides structural support for __ ___ __, while chitin provides structural support for __ ___ __ and insect ___

A

plant cell walls, fungi cell walls, exoskeletons

42
Q

Human digestive systems can break down _____ linkages, but not _____ linkages. Animals that can digest the latter able to do so due to ____ in their gut that produces that necessary enzymes

A

alpha-glycosidic, beta-glycosidic, bacteria

43
Q

Lipids a macromolecules containing long ___ chains that form ___, nonpolar molecules. They are a group of organic compounds including __, __, __ __, and ___. Lipids are technically not ____

A

hydrocarbon, hydrophobic, fats, oils, steroid hormones, phospholipids, polymers

44
Q

Lipids are used for ___, such as the__ between the organs that help preserve heat and provide ___. Lipids function as ___ __ that can be burned when needed. Lipids can be ___ molecules. Lipids like __- and__ are important for structure or the __ __-

A

insulation, fat, cushioning, energy stores, endocrine, phospholipids, cholesterol, cell membrane

45
Q

Lipids do not contain a series of ___ __, therefore they are not true polymers made of true ___

A

repeating units, polymers, monomers

46
Q

Triglycerides are composed of _ fatty acid and a ___ backbone. This is the most __ lipid molecule.

A

3, glycerol, common

47
Q

Glycerol is a ____ molecule and fatty acids are long carbon chains ending in a __ ___. Fatty acids can be ___ meaning there are no double bonds and the chains formed are ___. These are bad for health because the straight chains can __ and form __ __. They can also be _____, which means they contain double bonds that cause a ___ structure with less dense stacking

A

3-carbon, carboxylic acid, saturated, straight, stack, fat plaques, unsaturated, branched

48
Q

Phospholipids are composed of a __ and __ head with __ fatty acid tails. The head is ___ and the tail is ____, thus it is ____. They are a major component of __ __

A

phosphate, glycerol, 2, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphiphilic, cell membranes

49
Q

Steroids are composed of ___ ___ rings and one ____ ring. They include molecules such as ___, __ and __ __

A

3 6-membered, 5-membered, cholesterol, hormones, vitamin D

50
Q

Porphyrins are comprised of four joined ____ rings with a ___ atom in the center.

A

pyrrole, metal

51
Q

Examples of porphyrins are _____, which have an ___ at the center for transporting O2, and ___ which has a ___ at the center for absorbing light

A

hemoglobin, Fe, chlorophyll, Mg

52
Q

Under certain conditions, cell membranes can alter __ __ __ to maintain membrane fluidity.

A

fatty acid composition

53
Q

In cold weather, the cell membrane becomes ___ and___ functions to add space. ___ ___ ___ are also incorporated to make the membrane more fluid

A

rigid, cholesterol, unsaturated fatty acids

54
Q

In warm weather, the cell membrane becomes fluid and ____. ___ functions to restrict movement and ___ __ __ are incorporated to make the membrane more stiff

A

flexible, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids

55
Q

Protein consist of ___ ___ linked together into a ___ by a ___ bond

A

amino acid, polypeptide, peptide

56
Q

the amino acid has a general structure with a central carbon attached to an ___ group, a _____ ___ group, a ___ and a ____ that varies per amino acid

A

amino, carboxylic aid, hydrogen, r-group

57
Q

Proteins have ___ role such as in collagen, and a ___ role such as in actin and myosin

A

structural, mechanical

58
Q

Proteins act as ____, can be ___, ____

A

enzymes, hormones, antibodies

59
Q

Proteins also maintain ___ balance, and __ balance, for example ___ prevents abrupt changes in blood pH

A

fluid, acid-base, albumin

60
Q

Proteins forms _ and __ in membrane. And they can also be used for ____, such as with hemoglobin. They can also be used for ___

A

channels, pumps, transport, storage

61
Q

The primary structure of a protein is a sequence of amino acids connected by ___ bonds. The primary structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of ___ in the ___

A

peptide, nucleotides, mRNA

62
Q

The secondary structure is the specific 3D shape of certain parts of the protein due to ___ bonding between __- and ___ groups of adjacent amino acids. This forms ___ or ____ ___

A

H, amino, carboxyl, alpha, beta pleated

63
Q

The tertiary structure is the entire 3D structure of a protein due to ____ __ __ interactions between amino acid R groups.

A

non-covalent, side chain

64
Q

Non covalent interactions in the tertiary structure include ___ bonds, ___ bonds between charged amino acids, ___ bonds between ___ amino acids, ___ interactions where the side chains are pushed away from water and towards the center of the protein, and ____ __ ___ forces. __ bonds are unique to proteins

A

hydrogen, ionic, disulfide, cysteine, hydrophobic, van der waals, disulfide

65
Q

a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

A

quaternary structure

66
Q

When the 3D structure and native shape of a protein is lost due to external factors and reverts to its primary structure

A

protein denaturing

67
Q

Denaturing agents include __, __, __ concentrations, __ light and ___. Denaturing can be __ or ___

A

temperature, pH, salt, UV, chemicals, reversible, irreversible

68
Q

Nucleic acids refer to __ and ___. They function to store, __ and ___ __ ___

A

DNA, RNA, transmit, express, genetic information

69
Q

Nucleotides are linked by ___ bonds. Two nucleotides are bonded together on ___ strands of the DNA.

A

phosphodiester, opposite

70
Q

A nucleotide is composed of a ___ group, a ___ __ and a ____ sugar. In DNA the sugar is ___ while in RNA it is ___

A

phosphate, nitrogenous base, 5-carbon, deoxyribose, ribose

71
Q

Ribose has a _____ on its 2 carbon, while deoxyribose has a ___ on its 2 carbon. RNA also has __ instead of they base ___, and is ____ ___

A

OH, H, uracil, thymine, single stranded

72
Q

___ and ___ are purines and have two rings,

A

adenine, thymine

73
Q

__, __ and ___ are pyrimidines and have a __ ring

A

cytosine, guanine, thymine, single

74
Q

The backbone of the DNA is a chain of nucleotides on the ___ ___ connected through covalent, _____ bonds. The bond is between the __ group of one nucleotide and the ___ sugar of an adjacent nucleotide

A

same strand, phosphodiester, phosphate, 5-carbon

75
Q

The bases are connected by weak ___ bonds, forming the ___ structure of DNA. There are __ bonds between A and T and __ bonds between G and C. Thus, DNA with more ___ bonds have a higher ___ temperature

A

hydrogen, double stranded, 2, 3, C-G, melting

76
Q

The structure of DNA is ____, meaning both strands run ____ but in opposite direction. It is also ____ to each other.

A

antiparallel, 5’->3’, complimentary

77
Q

The 5’ end of the DNA begins with the _____ attached to the ____ carbon of the sugar. The 3’ end of the DNA terminates the strand with an ___ group on the third carbon

A

phosphate, 5th, OH

78
Q

Rule that says the total number of purines is always equal to the number of pyramidines in a double stranded nucleic acids (A + G = T + C)

A

chargaff’s rule

79
Q

A 5 carbon sugar with a nitrogenous base

A

nucleoside

80
Q

Ribonucleosides, for example, ____, have an extra ___ group. Deoxyribonucleosides like ____, have one less ____ group

A

adenosine, OH, deoxyadenosine, OH

DAT Biology (16 decks)

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