Biochemistry Flashcards
Anything that takes up space and has mass
matter
complete transfer of electrons from one atom to the other due to atoms having very different electronegativities
ionic bond
sharing of electrons due to atoms with similar electronegativities
covalent bonds
equal sharing of electrons due to atoms with identical electronegativities
nonpolar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons due to atoms with different electronegativities that form a dipole
polar covalent bond
A weak bond that can form between a hydrogen and a F, O, or N that is attracted to another negative charge on another molecule; can be both intramolecular and intermolecular
hydrogen bond
An attraction due to the different distribution of electrons; weaker and more transient; interactions gets stronger the larger the molecule is
van der waals
Water is a highly ___ molecule capable of ____ ___
polar, hydrogen bonding
Water is an excellent solvent because the __ of water break up ___ or ____ ionic molecules, making it easy for water to dissolve substances and form __ __
dipoles, polar, ionic, hydration shells
Water has high __ ___. This means it can moderate the effects of __ ___ well, and is stable in response to outside changes.
specific heat, temperature change
Water is more dense as a ____ than a solid. This is because during freezing, the ____ ___ form a ___ that keeps the molecules separated
liquid, h bonds, crystal
Normally as you increase the ___ the density of the substance increases, resulting in a ___ slope on the phase diagram. For water, ice is less than the liquid phase of water, resulting in the unusual ___ slop
pressure, positive, negative
Water is highly attracted to __ substances due to its H-bonds, thus it has high ___. This causes high __ __, as the forces between the water molecules are stronger than the ___ trying to break it apart
like, cohesion, surface tension, air
Water is also attracted to ____ . Its polarity attracts it to substances that have ____. This gives it high __.
unlike, charges, adhesion
Water’s high adhesion and cohesion explains __ ___, which is the ability of a liquid to flow without __ ___, against gravity
capillary action, external forces
____ from leaves pulls water upwards due to cohesion and adhesion. The latter occurs between water and the __ ___ and the former occurs between water molecules. Both involve ___ bonds
transpiration, cell walls, h
Minerals are __ ___that the human body needs to function. They are found both ___ and ___ and have a wide variety of functions such as ___ __, establishing __ __ for muscle and nerve function and acting as a component of ___ in RBCs/
inorganic ions, intracellularly, extracellularly, bone development, electrochemical gradient, hemoglobin
Vitamins are __ __ that the human bodies needs to function. The major categories are ___ and _____.
organic molecules, water-soluble, fat-soluble
Fat soluble vitamins when consumed in excess are deposited in __ __ and thus overconsumption can lead to ___ levels in the body. An excess of water-soluble vitamins are ___ in the ___
body fat, toxic, excreted, urine
There are ___ B vitamins in total, and they are ____. They are usually __ or ___ to them in metabolic processes, and are also important for __ __ synthesis
8, water-soluble, coenzymes, precursors, blood cell
Vitamin C is a ____ vitamin necessary for ____ synthesis. The deficiency leads to ____, due to weak, and unhealthy __ ___
water-soluble, collagen, scurvy, connective tissue
Vitamin A is a ____ vitamin important for ___ ____ (Sight) and maintainance of the ____
fat-soluble, visual pigmentation, epithelium
Vitamin D is a ___ vitamin that aids in __ and ___ absorption (bone health) and is synthesized by the skin in the presence of ____
fat-soluble, calcium, phosphorous, sunlight
Vitamin E is a ___ vitamin that is an ___, which means it helps neutralize harmful __ ___
fat-soluble, antioxidant, free radicals
Vitamin K is a _____ vitamin that produces the necessary proteins for __ ___
fat-soluble, blood clotting
large molecules formed from the bonding of smaller molecules
macromolecules
The monomers of carbohydrates are ___, fats are ___, proteins are __ __, and nucleic acids are ____
monosaccharides, hydrocarbons, amino acids, nucleotides
Monomers can be linked via a ____ (producing water) reaction to form polymers. Polymers can be broken down in the process of ____ (adding water) to separate them into monomers
dehydration, hydrolysis
Carbohydrates primarily function to __ __ but they can be used as ___molecules. They contain Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that form __, __ and ___
store energy, structural, sugars, starches, fibers
Polysacchardes are held together by ___ bonds (covalent bond)
glycosidic
A single sugar molecule (e.g. glucose)
monosaccharides
Two sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage (e.g. maltose)
disaccharides
A series of connected monosaccharides (e.g. glycogen)
polysaccharides
Sucrose is made of __ and __-
glucose, fructose
lactose is made of __ and ___
glucose, galactose
In the alpha form of a sugar, the OH group on the first carbon is pointing ____ the plane. In the __ form of the sugar, the oH group on carbon 1 is pointing ___ the plane
below, beta, above
___ bonds form between alpha glucose molecules, where both OH groups forming the bonding are pointing ___ ___ bonds form between two beta glucose molecules where one OH group is pointing __ and the other ___
alpha-glycosidic, down, beta-glycosidic, up, down
____ and ___ are both made of alpha-glucose molecules and have ___ structure
starch, glycogen, branched
__ and ___ are made of beta-glucose molecules. The latter also contains __ molecules. They are both ___ polysaccharides with no branching
cellulose, chitin, N, linear
starch is used as an energy storage in ___ whereas glycogen stores energy in ___
plants, animals
Cellulose provides structural support for __ ___ __, while chitin provides structural support for __ ___ __ and insect ___
plant cell walls, fungi cell walls, exoskeletons
Human digestive systems can break down _____ linkages, but not _____ linkages. Animals that can digest the latter able to do so due to ____ in their gut that produces that necessary enzymes
alpha-glycosidic, beta-glycosidic, bacteria
Lipids a macromolecules containing long ___ chains that form ___, nonpolar molecules. They are a group of organic compounds including __, __, __ __, and ___. Lipids are technically not ____
hydrocarbon, hydrophobic, fats, oils, steroid hormones, phospholipids, polymers
Lipids are used for ___, such as the__ between the organs that help preserve heat and provide ___. Lipids function as ___ __ that can be burned when needed. Lipids can be ___ molecules. Lipids like __- and__ are important for structure or the __ __-
insulation, fat, cushioning, energy stores, endocrine, phospholipids, cholesterol, cell membrane
Lipids do not contain a series of ___ __, therefore they are not true polymers made of true ___
repeating units, polymers, monomers
Triglycerides are composed of _ fatty acid and a ___ backbone. This is the most __ lipid molecule.
3, glycerol, common
Glycerol is a ____ molecule and fatty acids are long carbon chains ending in a __ ___. Fatty acids can be ___ meaning there are no double bonds and the chains formed are ___. These are bad for health because the straight chains can __ and form __ __. They can also be _____, which means they contain double bonds that cause a ___ structure with less dense stacking
3-carbon, carboxylic acid, saturated, straight, stack, fat plaques, unsaturated, branched
Phospholipids are composed of a __ and __ head with __ fatty acid tails. The head is ___ and the tail is ____, thus it is ____. They are a major component of __ __
phosphate, glycerol, 2, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphiphilic, cell membranes
Steroids are composed of ___ ___ rings and one ____ ring. They include molecules such as ___, __ and __ __
3 6-membered, 5-membered, cholesterol, hormones, vitamin D
Porphyrins are comprised of four joined ____ rings with a ___ atom in the center.
pyrrole, metal
Examples of porphyrins are _____, which have an ___ at the center for transporting O2, and ___ which has a ___ at the center for absorbing light
hemoglobin, Fe, chlorophyll, Mg
Under certain conditions, cell membranes can alter __ __ __ to maintain membrane fluidity.
fatty acid composition
In cold weather, the cell membrane becomes ___ and___ functions to add space. ___ ___ ___ are also incorporated to make the membrane more fluid
rigid, cholesterol, unsaturated fatty acids
In warm weather, the cell membrane becomes fluid and ____. ___ functions to restrict movement and ___ __ __ are incorporated to make the membrane more stiff
flexible, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids
Protein consist of ___ ___ linked together into a ___ by a ___ bond
amino acid, polypeptide, peptide
the amino acid has a general structure with a central carbon attached to an ___ group, a _____ ___ group, a ___ and a ____ that varies per amino acid
amino, carboxylic aid, hydrogen, r-group
Proteins have ___ role such as in collagen, and a ___ role such as in actin and myosin
structural, mechanical
Proteins act as ____, can be ___, ____
enzymes, hormones, antibodies
Proteins also maintain ___ balance, and __ balance, for example ___ prevents abrupt changes in blood pH
fluid, acid-base, albumin
Proteins forms _ and __ in membrane. And they can also be used for ____, such as with hemoglobin. They can also be used for ___
channels, pumps, transport, storage
The primary structure of a protein is a sequence of amino acids connected by ___ bonds. The primary structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of ___ in the ___
peptide, nucleotides, mRNA
The secondary structure is the specific 3D shape of certain parts of the protein due to ___ bonding between __- and ___ groups of adjacent amino acids. This forms ___ or ____ ___
H, amino, carboxyl, alpha, beta pleated
The tertiary structure is the entire 3D structure of a protein due to ____ __ __ interactions between amino acid R groups.
non-covalent, side chain
Non covalent interactions in the tertiary structure include ___ bonds, ___ bonds between charged amino acids, ___ bonds between ___ amino acids, ___ interactions where the side chains are pushed away from water and towards the center of the protein, and ____ __ ___ forces. __ bonds are unique to proteins
hydrogen, ionic, disulfide, cysteine, hydrophobic, van der waals, disulfide
a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
quaternary structure
When the 3D structure and native shape of a protein is lost due to external factors and reverts to its primary structure
protein denaturing
Denaturing agents include __, __, __ concentrations, __ light and ___. Denaturing can be __ or ___
temperature, pH, salt, UV, chemicals, reversible, irreversible
Nucleic acids refer to __ and ___. They function to store, __ and ___ __ ___
DNA, RNA, transmit, express, genetic information
Nucleotides are linked by ___ bonds. Two nucleotides are bonded together on ___ strands of the DNA.
phosphodiester, opposite
A nucleotide is composed of a ___ group, a ___ __ and a ____ sugar. In DNA the sugar is ___ while in RNA it is ___
phosphate, nitrogenous base, 5-carbon, deoxyribose, ribose
Ribose has a _____ on its 2 carbon, while deoxyribose has a ___ on its 2 carbon. RNA also has __ instead of they base ___, and is ____ ___
OH, H, uracil, thymine, single stranded
___ and ___ are purines and have two rings,
adenine, thymine
__, __ and ___ are pyrimidines and have a __ ring
cytosine, guanine, thymine, single
The backbone of the DNA is a chain of nucleotides on the ___ ___ connected through covalent, _____ bonds. The bond is between the __ group of one nucleotide and the ___ sugar of an adjacent nucleotide
same strand, phosphodiester, phosphate, 5-carbon
The bases are connected by weak ___ bonds, forming the ___ structure of DNA. There are __ bonds between A and T and __ bonds between G and C. Thus, DNA with more ___ bonds have a higher ___ temperature
hydrogen, double stranded, 2, 3, C-G, melting
The structure of DNA is ____, meaning both strands run ____ but in opposite direction. It is also ____ to each other.
antiparallel, 5’->3’, complimentary
The 5’ end of the DNA begins with the _____ attached to the ____ carbon of the sugar. The 3’ end of the DNA terminates the strand with an ___ group on the third carbon
phosphate, 5th, OH
Rule that says the total number of purines is always equal to the number of pyramidines in a double stranded nucleic acids (A + G = T + C)
chargaff’s rule
A 5 carbon sugar with a nitrogenous base
nucleoside
Ribonucleosides, for example, ____, have an extra ___ group. Deoxyribonucleosides like ____, have one less ____ group
adenosine, OH, deoxyadenosine, OH
