Intergumentary and Immunological Systems

Question 1

The integument is composed of __, ____, and ___, which provides a ___ ___ to prevent the entrance of pathogens into the body.

Answer 1

skin, hair, nails, physical barrier

Question 2

microorganisms that live on the surface of human skin and make up the normal skin flora

Answer 2

skin microbiome

Question 3

Skin microorganisms often participate in _____. By occupying the surface of the skin, these organisms prevent other, ____ organisms from occupying that same space. In return, the microorganisms get stable environment with access to ____. However, some of the normal flora can become ____ if they penetrate the integument

Answer 3

mutualism, harmful, nutrients, pathogenic

Question 4

The skin itself is also a _____ defence mechanism that protects against pathogenic invasion. ___ ___ in the skin secrete oil onto the surface of the skin to keep its pH relatively ____, a range of ______. This decreases _______ _____ and also help keep the skin ____.

Answer 4

nonspecific, sebaceous glands, acidic, 4-6, bacterial growth, moist

Question 5

Sweat is secreted from other glands and helps ___ the skin by ___ ____. Sweat also contains ____ that help destroy ___ ___ ____ as well as _____ used in chemical communication among humans.

Answer 5

cool, evaporative cooling, enzymes, bacterial cell walls, pheromones

Question 6

The skin is divided into two different layers, the ___ and the ____, which are connected together by the ___ _____.

Answer 6

dermis, epidermis, basement membrane

Question 7

The dermis contains the ___ ____ to the skin and most of the ___ ___

Answer 7

blood supply, specialized cells

Question 8

The epidermis contains mainly ____, which differentiate into ___. These are protective, ____ cells that do not undergo further _____ and are routinely ___ ___ and replaced.

Answer 8

keratinocytes, corneocytes, waterproof, replication, sloughed off

Question 9

Parts of the skin are covered with hair, which aids the skin with directing ___ and ___ away from the skin, helping with __ ___, and also ___ __, preventing the body from becoming too cool. Hair also serves as a ___ ___ allowing the detection of nearby motion

Answer 9

sweat, waste, evaporative cooling, trapping heat, sensory organ

Question 10

____ secretions in the nose and ____ secretions in the eyes help prevent ____ ___ from entering the body and resist ____. Similarly, enzymes in the ___ and ___ break down many entering microorganisms and decrease their ____. Nails protect the ___ of the fingers and toes from ___ ___ and can be used as tools

Answer 10

mucous, aqueous, foreign organisms, infection, mouth, throat, pathogenicity, tips, physical injury

Question 11

The body can distinguish between ___ and ___ and can recognize and remember nonself qualities in ____. This allows the body to recognize pathogens it has previously encountered and to mount a quicker ___ ___ against these antigens if exposed to them again.

Answer 11

self, nonself, antigens, immune response,

Question 12

The immune system has two major types of immunity. _____ immunity involves antibody production, and ______ immunity involves cells that combat ___ and viral infections

Answer 12

humoral, cell-mediated, fungal

Question 13

Another nonspecific defence mechanism employed by the immune system is the ____ response. When white blood cells are activated, they release chemicals such as _____, that activate the immune response. This response dilates and increases the _____ of ___ ___. These effects together increase the ___ of white blood cells and other immune cells to the ___ ___ allowing the body to effectively ward off infection

Answer 13

inflammatory, histamine, permeability, blood vessels, flow, affected area

Question 14

Inflammation is often accompanied by the rise in body temperature or ____, which in theory increases the ability to fight infection by killing _____ pathogens and speeding up ___ ___. However, whether or not fever is practically beneficial is still a topic of ____ ____

Answer 14

fever, temperature-dependent, healing processes, scientific debate

Question 15

The _____ ___ is another important part of the immune system and is found in the ____ space of most tissues. ___ flows through the lymphatic vessels from ____ ____. These and the ____ serve as _____ of white blood cells and _____ for lymph, removing ______ cells and foreign matter and activating the immune system when necessary

Answer 15

lymphatic system, extravascular, lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, reservoirs, filters, antigen-presenting

Question 16

white blood cells

Answer 16

leukocytes

Question 17

attracted to the site of injury, where they phagocytize antigens and antigenic material

Answer 17

granulocytes

Question 18

_____ are the most common type of granulocyte and are often the first responders to sites of ____. These cells are attracted to ____ and in turn attract additional white blood cells once they arrive at the site of __ ____. Although they can help moderate various infections and ___ ___, these cells are particularly adapted to attack ____. Neutrophil counts are often elevated during the ___ stages of inflammation and are the main component of ____

Answer 18

neutrophils, inflammation, cytokines, tissue damage, environmental trauma, bacteria, acute, pus

Question 19

_____ are much less common granulocytes and are responsible for ___ __, especially ___ and ___ responses. Elevated. eosinophil counts on a complete blood count (CBC) often indicate an allergic response or infection by a _____, including those that live on the surface of the skin (____), such as __ and ticks, and those that live in intracellular spaces (____), such as parasitic worms known as ____

Answer 19

eosinophils, immune responses, allergic, asthmatic, parasite, ectoparasites, fleas, endoparasites, helminths

Question 20

____ and the related ____ ___ are similarly involved in _____ responses and parasitic infections and are often responsible for the release of ____ which stimulates blood vessel dilation

Answer 20

basophils, mast cells, allergic, histamine

Question 21

Large, long lived immune cells that can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

Answer 21

monocytes

Question 22

The main role of ___ is to phagocytize ___ __ and pathogens. If a pathogen is ingested, its _____ are then presented on the ____ of the macrophage to stimulate other immune cells to mount a specific immune response to the invading pathogen

Answer 22

macrophages, dead cells, antigens, surface

Question 23

____ ____ are even more focused on processing antigens and presenting them to other immune cells and therefore serve as important links between the ___ and ___ immune systems. These cells are found in areas of the body where contact with the ___ ___ is more common, such as the ___, ___ and ___ ____

Answer 23

dendritic cells, innate, adaptive, external environment, skin, intestine, mucous membranes

Question 24

T cells are an important component in ____ ____. Through random rearrangement of ____ ___ each T cell becomes ____ to only one specific antigen. If infection with an organism that displays this antigen occurs, the antigen from the pathogen will be presented by a ____ _____ ____ on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell, indicating that the corresponding T cell should perform its function.

Answer 24

specific immunity, gene sequences, reactive, histocompatibility protein complex

Question 25

The vast majority of T cells created are ____ and undergo ______ because they either will not react with the MHC, or because they react too well and would attack ____ ____. Nevertheless, a ____ number of T cells exists to defend the body against nearly any pathogen

Answer 25

deactivated, apoptosis, self cells, sufficient

Question 26

The two major types of histocompatibility proteins are ___ and ____.

Answer 26

MHC I, MHC II

Question 27

___ ___ (Tc) cells, also known as ____ T cells, recognize and respond to antigens present by MHC ! complexes. These complexes come from cells infected with _____ or developing ____.

Answer 27

Cytotoxic T, CD8+, viruses, tumors

Question 28

____ ___ _____ (Th), also known as ____ T cells, recognize and respond to antigens presented by MHC II complexes. When these cells are activated, they release ______ to stimulate the immune response, causing other white blood cells to ____ and attack.

Answer 28

T helper cells, CD4+, cytokines, mature

Question 29

___ ___ ___ cells behave similarly to both Tc and Th cells but respond to antigens presented by other types of cells

Answer 29

Natural killer t

Question 30

once a reaction has occurred, ___ ___ ___ reactive to the same antigens are formed and remain in ____ for long periods of time, allowing a quicker, more ____ response if the antigen reappears.

Answer 30

memory T cells, circulation, targeted

Question 31

___ or _____ ____ cells have the opposite function of memory t cells, serving to ___ ___ the __ ___ response to self cells or following an infection

Answer 31

regulatory, suppressor, T, tone down, T cell

Question 32

T cells begin their development in the ___ ____, where T ____ ____ cells are formed. They travel via the bloodstream to the ____, where they mature. It is because these cells mature here that they are referred to as ___ ____. Once maturation is complete, the cells are released into the ___ to perform their immune function

Answer 32

bone marrow, lymphocyte precursor, thymus, T cells, lymph

Question 33

Patients with acquired _____ _____ (AIDS), have very low levels of certain types of ___ ____ and as a result, are particularly subject to ____ because their immune systems are weakened.

Answer 33

immunodeficiency syndrome, T cells, infection

Question 34

B cells, when stimulated, create and express _____, also known as _____, that have a high affinity for the antigen expressed by stimulating T lymphocyte. Immunoglobulins have a very particular structure and utilize the specificity of this structure to aid in the ___ ___ of pathogens. Like T cells, B cells have also stimulate the formation of __ ____.

Answer 34

antibodies, immunoglobulins, targeted destruction, memory cells

Question 35

B lymphcytes, like T cells, begin their development in the ___ ___. However, unlike T cells, their developed is completed _____.

Answer 35

bone marrow, there

Question 36

parts of the immune system that includes chemicals, hormones, enzymes, etc.

Answer 36

humoral immunity

Question 37

large proteins secreted by B cells that provide specific, targeted responses to a given antigen

Answer 37

antibodies / immunoglobulins

Question 38

Several types of immunoglobulins exist within the immune system and each plays a ___ ____ in immunity. However, the _____ of all immunoglobulins is relatively consistent and resembles a ____, with ____ ____ _____ at either end of the top of the Y. Each side of the structure consists of a ___ and ____ chain, which are held together with ___ bonds. The variable portion of the structure is the _____ region. The immune system can generate ____ of unique antigen binding sites, which confers the ability to mount an immune response against any number of antigen

Answer 38

unique role, structure, Y, antigen binding sites, light, heavy, disulfide, antigen-binding, millions

Question 39

Antibody-mediated immunity includes both ___ and ____ immunity.

Answer 39

active, passive

Question 40

Active immunity occurs as a result of an ___ ___. This can be due to ____ to a pathogen or antigen such as during an ___. It can also be the result of ____, where an individual is deliberately exposed to a weakened, ____ or ___ form of the antigen.

Answer 40

immune response, exposure, infection, vaccination, inactivated, killed

Question 41

During a vaccination, the exposure to the antigen stimulates the body’s immune system to mount an ___ ____ against the antigen presented. The features of this antigen are then stored in the ____ _____, allowing the body to mount a similar immune response should the antigen present itself again. This type of immune response, because it requires the development of cells _____ to a particular antigen, can takes ___ or ___ to build up.

Answer 41

immune response, nonself memory, specific, weeks, months

Question 42

Immunity can also be divided into ___ and ___ ___ based on how the immunity is acquired. Each of these categories involves components from both _____ and ____ immunity,

Answer 42

innate, adaptive, cell-mediated, humoral

Question 43

Innate immunity is comprised of the body’s ____, ____ defences against pathogens. This type of immunity does not require the cells of the immune system to be ___ ___ to any given antigen to be activated. However, it is not a specific response, and the body is limited in the ___ of immune response it can mount. Innate immunity includes ______ features, including the integument, _____ responses like fever, ___ change and enzymes, ____ cells, and _____

Answer 43

initial, generalized, previously exposed, types, anatomic, physiologic, pH, phagocytic, inflammation

Question 44

Acquired or specific immunity consists of cells capable of recognizing ____ vs ____ cells, and that are specific to a particular ____. The activity of cells that participate in an adaptive immune response is increased with each _____. Thus, there are ___ ___ to acquired immunity. Cells that are involved in adaptive immunity are ____, ____ cells, and _____ cells.

Answer 44

self, nonself, antigen, exposure, memory components, lymphocytes, plasma, antigen-presenting

Question 45

Innate and acquired immunity work together to protect the host and defend against invading _____. Phagocytic cells can stimulate production of specific ____ ____ to assist in pathogen killing and destruction. These cells in turn release _____, which increase the killing activities of phagocytes. This cooperation work to increase the ___ and ___ of the immune system

Answer 45

pathogens, T lymphocytes, cytokines, function, efficacy

Question 46

Transplanted tissues or _____ are detected as nonself by the recipient’s immune system. This is because the ___ on the donated organ are those of the ____ not of the recipient. As a result, the recipient’s immune system attacks the ____ ____. This attack can lead to ___ of the organ, which can ultimately result in ___ of the organ or ___ of the patient. As a result, ____ ____ are used to lower the immune response to transplants and decrease the likelihood of rejection.

Answer 46

organs, antigens, donor, transplanted organ, destruction, death, immunosuppressing drugs

Question 47

Immunosuppressing drugs work by lowering the immune response to ____. While this decreases the likelihood of ___ the organ. it also lowers the recipient’s overall ___ response. The recipient is then referred to as ____ because their immune system is not functioning at full capacity

Answer 47

antigens, rejecting, immune, immunocompromised