Intergumentary and Immunological Systems Flashcards
The integument is composed of __, ____, and ___, which provides a ___ ___ to prevent the entrance of pathogens into the body.
skin, hair, nails, physical barrier
microorganisms that live on the surface of human skin and make up the normal skin flora
skin microbiome
Skin microorganisms often participate in _____. By occupying the surface of the skin, these organisms prevent other, ____ organisms from occupying that same space. In return, the microorganisms get stable environment with access to ____. However, some of the normal flora can become ____ if they penetrate the integument
mutualism, harmful, nutrients, pathogenic
The skin itself is also a _____ defence mechanism that protects against pathogenic invasion. ___ ___ in the skin secrete oil onto the surface of the skin to keep its pH relatively ____, a range of ______. This decreases _______ _____ and also help keep the skin ____.
nonspecific, sebaceous glands, acidic, 4-6, bacterial growth, moist
Sweat is secreted from other glands and helps ___ the skin by ___ ____. Sweat also contains ____ that help destroy ___ ___ ____ as well as _____ used in chemical communication among humans.
cool, evaporative cooling, enzymes, bacterial cell walls, pheromones
The skin is divided into two different layers, the ___ and the ____, which are connected together by the ___ _____.
dermis, epidermis, basement membrane
The dermis contains the ___ ____ to the skin and most of the ___ ___
blood supply, specialized cells
The epidermis contains mainly ____, which differentiate into ___. These are protective, ____ cells that do not undergo further _____ and are routinely ___ ___ and replaced.
keratinocytes, corneocytes, waterproof, replication, sloughed off
Parts of the skin are covered with hair, which aids the skin with directing ___ and ___ away from the skin, helping with __ ___, and also ___ __, preventing the body from becoming too cool. Hair also serves as a ___ ___ allowing the detection of nearby motion
sweat, waste, evaporative cooling, trapping heat, sensory organ
____ secretions in the nose and ____ secretions in the eyes help prevent ____ ___ from entering the body and resist ____. Similarly, enzymes in the ___ and ___ break down many entering microorganisms and decrease their ____. Nails protect the ___ of the fingers and toes from ___ ___ and can be used as tools
mucous, aqueous, foreign organisms, infection, mouth, throat, pathogenicity, tips, physical injury
The body can distinguish between ___ and ___ and can recognize and remember nonself qualities in ____. This allows the body to recognize pathogens it has previously encountered and to mount a quicker ___ ___ against these antigens if exposed to them again.
self, nonself, antigens, immune response,
The immune system has two major types of immunity. _____ immunity involves antibody production, and ______ immunity involves cells that combat ___ and viral infections
humoral, cell-mediated, fungal
Another nonspecific defence mechanism employed by the immune system is the ____ response. When white blood cells are activated, they release chemicals such as _____, that activate the immune response. This response dilates and increases the _____ of ___ ___. These effects together increase the ___ of white blood cells and other immune cells to the ___ ___ allowing the body to effectively ward off infection
inflammatory, histamine, permeability, blood vessels, flow, affected area
Inflammation is often accompanied by the rise in body temperature or ____, which in theory increases the ability to fight infection by killing _____ pathogens and speeding up ___ ___. However, whether or not fever is practically beneficial is still a topic of ____ ____
fever, temperature-dependent, healing processes, scientific debate
The _____ ___ is another important part of the immune system and is found in the ____ space of most tissues. ___ flows through the lymphatic vessels from ____ ____. These and the ____ serve as _____ of white blood cells and _____ for lymph, removing ______ cells and foreign matter and activating the immune system when necessary
lymphatic system, extravascular, lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, reservoirs, filters, antigen-presenting
white blood cells
leukocytes
attracted to the site of injury, where they phagocytize antigens and antigenic material
granulocytes
_____ are the most common type of granulocyte and are often the first responders to sites of ____. These cells are attracted to ____ and in turn attract additional white blood cells once they arrive at the site of __ ____. Although they can help moderate various infections and ___ ___, these cells are particularly adapted to attack ____. Neutrophil counts are often elevated during the ___ stages of inflammation and are the main component of ____
neutrophils, inflammation, cytokines, tissue damage, environmental trauma, bacteria, acute, pus
_____ are much less common granulocytes and are responsible for ___ __, especially ___ and ___ responses. Elevated. eosinophil counts on a complete blood count (CBC) often indicate an allergic response or infection by a _____, including those that live on the surface of the skin (____), such as __ and ticks, and those that live in intracellular spaces (____), such as parasitic worms known as ____
eosinophils, immune responses, allergic, asthmatic, parasite, ectoparasites, fleas, endoparasites, helminths
____ and the related ____ ___ are similarly involved in _____ responses and parasitic infections and are often responsible for the release of ____ which stimulates blood vessel dilation
basophils, mast cells, allergic, histamine
Large, long lived immune cells that can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
monocytes
The main role of ___ is to phagocytize ___ __ and pathogens. If a pathogen is ingested, its _____ are then presented on the ____ of the macrophage to stimulate other immune cells to mount a specific immune response to the invading pathogen
macrophages, dead cells, antigens, surface
____ ____ are even more focused on processing antigens and presenting them to other immune cells and therefore serve as important links between the ___ and ___ immune systems. These cells are found in areas of the body where contact with the ___ ___ is more common, such as the ___, ___ and ___ ____
dendritic cells, innate, adaptive, external environment, skin, intestine, mucous membranes
T cells are an important component in ____ ____. Through random rearrangement of ____ ___ each T cell becomes ____ to only one specific antigen. If infection with an organism that displays this antigen occurs, the antigen from the pathogen will be presented by a ____ _____ ____ on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell, indicating that the corresponding T cell should perform its function.
specific immunity, gene sequences, reactive, histocompatibility protein complex
