Nervous System

Question 1

The nervous system is responsible for controlling most body functions, enabling organisms to ___ and ___ to stimuli from their ___ and ___ environments

Answer 1

receive, respond, external, internal

Question 2

Signals from the nervous system travel ____, reaching in excess of ______m/s, and in some cases, which results in transmission of information much more rapidly than through the ___ ____

Answer 2

quickly, 100, endocrine system

Question 3

The nervous system is composed of both ___ and ____. These cells work together to form the major organs of the nervous system, which include the ___ and ___ ____, as well as complex sensory organs such as the ___ and ____. In turn these organs can be grouped into the ____ and ____.

Answer 3

neurons, neuroglia, brain, spinal cord, eye, ear, PNS, CNS

Question 4

Myelin is produced by glial cells known as ___ in the CNS and by ___ _____ in the PNS.

Answer 4

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

Question 5

Maintain the integrity of BBB, regulate nutrient and dissolved gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters

Answer 5

astrocytes

Question 6

myelinate CNS axons as well as provide structural framework for the CNS

Answer 6

oligodendrocytes

Question 7

remove cellular debris and pathogens

Answer 7

microglia

Question 8

line the brain ventricles and aid in the production, circulation and monitoring of CSF

Answer 8

ependymal cells

Question 9

Surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

Answer 9

satellite cells

Question 10

enclose axons in the PNS and aid in the myelination of some peripheral axons

Answer 10

schwann cells

Question 11

The Na/K+ pump pumps ___ Na+ ____ of the cell for every ___ K+ it transports ___ to the cell. This uneven exchange results in a ____ _____ environment. Furthermore, the cell membrane is more permeable to ___ than to ____. This allows some of the K+ that was pumped into the cell to move back out through ___ ___, making the internal environment even more negative

Answer 11

3, out, 2, into, negative, internal, K+, Na+, facilitated diffusion

Question 12

When depolarization reaches the ____ ___, then ___ ___ __ located into the nerve cell membrane open and an ___ ___ begins when ____ rushes into the cell. This causes the next portion of the ___ toward the terminal to be depolarized and so on until it reaches the ___ ___. At the terminal, a final _____ ____ ____ is opened and __ triggers the ___ of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

Answer 12

threshold potential, voltage-gated ion channels, action potential, Na+, axon, synaptic terminal, voltage-gated Ca channel, Ca2+, exocytosis

Question 13

After the signal has been propagated through a segment of the axon, the high voltage there causes ______ ___ ___ to open, allowing K+ to flow ___ of the cell. Meanwhile, the voltage gated Na+ channels _____, and the Na+/K+ pump begins to pump Na+ ___ again. This is called ____.

Answer 13

voltage-gated K+ channels, out, close, out, repolarization

Question 14

The neuron’s voltage shoots past the ___ __ and becomes even more negative inside than normal due to the K+ still being free to ___ the cell. This is called ______. this results in a ___ ____, where new APs cannot be generated. This period allows the neuron time to _____ ____ and also helps ensure the action potential only moves in the ___ direction, towards the terminal

Answer 14

resting potential, leave, hyperpolarization, refractory period, regenerate neurotransmitter, forward

Question 15

The action potential itself can be described as an ______ response. The stimulus intensity is coded by the ___ of the action potentials and not by their ____

Answer 15

all-or-none, frequency, magnitude

Question 16

The greater the ___ of the axon, and the more heavily it is ___, the faster the impulses travel. Myelin increases the __ ___ by insulating segments of the axon such that the membrane is permeable to ___ only in the ___ ___ ___. In this way, the action potential ___ from node to node

Answer 16

diameter, myelinated, conduction velocity, ions, nodes of ranvier, hops

Question 17

Neurons that communicate with cells in muscles or glands

Answer 17

effector cells

Question 18

Neurotransmitter can undergo ____ by ______ ____, where it may be reused or degraded, it may be degraded by ___ located in the synapse, or it may simply ____ out of the synapse

Answer 18

reuptake, uptake carriers, enzymes, diffuse

Question 19

Drug that blocks the postsynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors such as those on muscles, leading to muscle relaxation and paralysis by blocking the ability to constrict muscles

Answer 19

curare

Question 20

Drug that prevents the release of ACh from the presynaptic membrane and also results in paralysis

Answer 20

botulinum toxin

Question 21

drugs used as nerve gases and in the insecticide parathion; inhibit the activity of ACh enzyme respomnsible for degrading ACh released in synapse; results in no coordinated muscular contractions

Answer 21

anticholinesterases

Question 22

neurons that carry sensory information about the external or internal environment to the brain and spinal cord

Answer 22

afferent neurons

Question 23

neurons that carry motor commands from the brain or spinal cord to various parts of the body

Answer 23

efferent neurons

Question 24

neurons that participate only in local circuits, linking sensory and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord; cell bodies and nerve terminals are in the same location

Answer 24

interneurons

Question 25

bundles of axons covered with connective tissue

Answer 25

nerves

Question 26

plexus

Answer 26

network of nerve fibers

Question 27

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the periphery

Answer 27

ganglia

Question 28

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

Answer 28

nuclei

Question 29

The brain's functions including interpreting __ ___, forming __ ___, and __ ___. The brain consists of an outer portion of cell bodies called the ___ ___ and an inner portion of myelinated axons called the ___ __.

Answer 29

sensory information, motor plans, cognitive function, grey matter, white matter

Question 30

The forebrain or ____, consists of the ___ and ____.

Answer 30

prosencephalon, telencephalon, diencephalon

Question 31

A major component of the telencephalon is the __ __, which is the highly convoluted ___ ___ that can be seen on the ___ of the brain. The cortex processes and _____ sensory inputs and motor responses and is important for __ and ___ thought. The ___ ___ is the center for reception and integration of olfactory input

Answer 31

cerebral cortex, grey matter, surface, integrates, memory, creative, olfactory bulb

Question 32

The diencephalon contains the __ and ____. The former is a relay and _____ center for the spinal cord and __ ____. The latter controls ____ functions such as hunger, thirst, __ __, water balance, ____ ___ and ____ regulation. It also plays an important role in the control of the ___ system

Answer 32

thalamus, hypothalamus, integration, cerebral cortex, visceral, sex drive, blood pressure, temperature, endocrine

Question 33

The midbrain or the _____ is a relay center for visual and ___ impulses, It also plays an important role in ___ control

Answer 33

mesencephalon, auditory, motor

Question 34

The hindbrain or the ____ is the posterior part of the brain and consists of the ___, ___, and ____.

Answer 34

cerebellum, pons, medulla

Question 35

Helps to modulate motor impulses initiated by the cerebral cortex and is important in the maintenance of balance, hand-eye coordination, and the timing of rapid movements

Answer 35

cerebellum

Question 36

Acts as a relay center to allow the cortex to communicate with the cerebellum

Answer 36

pons

Question 37

controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and gastrointestinal activity

Answer 37

medulla

Question 38

The midbrain pons and medulla

Answer 38

brainstem

Question 39

The spinal cord is an elongated extension of the brain that acts as the ____ for sensory information to the brain and ___ information from the brain. The spinal cord can integrate ___ motor responses such as ___ by itself.

Answer 39

channel, motor, simple, reflexes

Question 40

A cross section of the spinal cord reveals an outer __ ___ area containing motor and ___ ____, and an inner gray matter area containing __ ___ bodies.

Answer 40

white matter, sensory axons, nerve cell

Question 41

Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the ___ ___. The cell bodies of those sensory neurons are located in the __ ___ ______. All motor information exist the spinal cord through the __ ___. For simple reflexes like the ____ reflex, sensory fibers synpase direct on ___ ___ ___ ____. Other reflexes include ___ between the sensory and motor fibers that allow for some processing in the spinal cord

Answer 41

dorsal horn, dorsal root ganglia, ventral horn, knee-jerk, ventral horn motor fibers, interneurons

Question 42

The somatic nervous system innervates ___ __ and is responsible for __ __ as well as __ ___ (pathways that control motor reflexes)

Answer 42

skeletal muscles, voluntary movement, reflex arcs

Question 43

The autonomic nervous system, aka the __ ___ ___, regulates the body's ___ _____ without the aid of conscious control. The autonomic innervation of the body includes both ___ and __ fibers.

Answer 43

involuntary nervous system, internal environment, sensory, motor

Question 44

The ANS innervates __ and ___ muscle. The latter is located in areas like the __ ___, the ___ __, bladder, and ____, so the ANS is important in ___ ___ control, ___ ____, _____, respiration and reproduction.

Answer 44

cardiac, smooth, digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchi, blood pressure, gastrointestinal motility, excretion

Question 45

The _____ division of the ANS readies the body for action in an emergency situation; increases blood pressure and ___ ____, increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and decreases gut motility. Dilates _____ to increase gas exchange, uses ____ as its primary neurotransmitter

Answer 45

sympathetic, heart rate, bronchioles, norepinephrine

Question 46

The _____ division of the ANS acts to conserve energy and restore the body to __ ___ levels after exertion. It acts to lower heart rate and increase ___ __. The ____ ___ is a parasympathetic nerve that innervates many of the __ and __ ____. It uses ___ as its primary neurotransmitter

Answer 46

parasympathetic, resting activity, gut motility, vagus nerve, thoracic, abdominal, acetylcholine

Question 47

A thick, opaque layer covering the eye which is also known as the white of the eye.

Answer 47

sclera

Question 48

underneath the sclera, helps supply retina with blood and reduces reflection in the eye

Answer 48

choroid layer

Question 49

Innermost layer of the eye

Answer 49

retina

Question 50

cells in the retina that sense light

Answer 50

photoreceptors

Question 51

in front of the light; bends and focuses light rays

Answer 51

cornea

Question 52

opening in the eye behind the cornea

Answer 52

pupil

Question 53

pigmented muscular part of the eye that controls pupil dilation by responding to light

Answer 53

iris

Question 54

behind the pupil; focuses the images onto the retina

Answer 54

lens

Question 55

controls the shape and focal length of the lens

Answer 55

cillary muscles

Question 56

Photoreceptors transduce light into ____ ___. _____ respond to high intensity lumination and are sensitive to ___. ____ detect low intensity lumination and are important in ___ ___. Both contain various ___ that absorb specific ____ of light. Cones contain __ pigments that absorb __, ___ and ___ wavelengths. _____, the rod pigment, only absorbs a ____ wavelength.

Answer 56

action potentials, Cones, colour, rods, night vision, pigments, wavelength, 3, red, green, blue, rhodpsin, single

Question 57

Axons of the ganglion cells bundle to form the ___ ___, which conducts visual information to the brain. The point at which the optic nerve exists the eye is called the ___ __ because ___ are not present there.

Answer 57

optic nerve, blind spot, photoreceptors

Question 58

A small area above the blind spot densely packed with cones and important for high-acuity vision

Answer 58

fovea

Question 59

a jelly like material that helps the eye maintain its shape and optical properties

Answer 59

vitreous humor

Question 60

a more watery substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea

Answer 60

aqueous humor

Question 61

occurs when the image is focused in front of the retina

Answer 61

nearsightedness/myopia

Question 62

occurs when the image is focused behind the retina

Answer 62

hyperopia /farsightedness

Question 63

caused by an irregularly shaped cornea

Answer 63

astigmatism

Question 64

develop when the lens becomes opaque and light cannot enter the eye; blindness results

Answer 64

cataracts

Question 65

an increase in the pressure in the eye because of blocking of the outflow of the aqueous humor, which results in optic nerve damage

Answer 65

glaucoma

Question 66

The ear transduces energy ___ ____ into impulses perceived by the brain as sound. Sound waves pass through __ regions as they enter the ear.

Answer 66

pressure waves, 3

Question 67

First, sound waves enter the ___ ___ which consists of the ___ (external ear) and the __ ___. At the end of the auditory canal is the __ ___ (eardrum) of the middle ear, which vibrates at the same ___ of the incoming sound. Next, the ____, (___, ___ and _____) of the middle ear amplify the stimulus and transmit it through the ___ ___. This leads to the ___ ___ inner ear.

Answer 67

outer ear, auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, frequency, ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, fluid filled

Question 68

The inner ear consists of the ___ and the ___ ___, which is involved in maintaining equilibrium. Vibration of the ossicles exerts pressure on the fluid in the ____, stimulating ___ ___ in the __ ___ to transduce the pressure into action potentials, which travel via the ____ ____ to the brain for processing

Answer 68

cochlea, vestibular apparatus, cochlea, hair cells, basilar membrane, cochlear nerve