URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
Function of the urinary system ?
Maintaining the appropriate balance of water and electrolytes, and also eliminates waste in the form of urine.
About two-thirds of all body fluids is within ….
Cells in the intracellular compartment.
The three processes of the urinary system:
Filtration
Formation of urine
Micturition
Filtration (urinary system)
Removing toxic wastes and excessive substances from the blood.
Formation of urine (urinary system)
Converting wastes and excess waste substance into urine.
Micturition (urinary system)
Excreting urine from the body (urinating/voiding)
What body system helps maintain the proper pH balance in the blood?
Urinary system
Uremia
Nitrogenous wastes of protein metabolism build up in the bloodstream. Toxic condition
Most important organ in the urinary system?
The kidneys
Kidney secretes enzyme renin which plays important role in regulating…
blood pressure
Kidney secretes hormone erythropoietin which stimulates maturation of …
red blood cells in the bone marrow
Kidney secretes vitamin….
Vitamin D
makes it possible for the intestines and the bones to absorb calcium.
Location of the right kidney?
Just below the liver
Location of the left kidney?
Just below the spleen.
renal cortex
outer layer of the kidney
renal medulla
inner portion of the kidney
How many percent of its blood flow does the heart pump straight to the kidneys?
20%
Organs of the urinary system:
Two kidneys
Two ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
How many nephrons in each kidney?
Over a million
Essential function of nephrons?
Filters blood
Removes waste
Reabsorbs essential electrolytes and compunds.
Two main sections of each nephron:
Renal corpuscle (intial filtering)
Renal tubule (Reabsorption and secretion)
Glomerulus?
Networrk of blood capilleries that accept blood into the nephron for filtration.
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
Reabsorption (kidneys)
Reabsorption means that the substances are deposited back into the blood. The amount that’s reabsorbed depends on what the body needs.
If you’re dehydrated, the kidneys will reabsorb even more salt and water than usual. If you drink too much fluid, the kidneys will allow much more water to pass into the urinary stream instead of reabsorbing it.
The rate of filtration is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), an important measure of kidney function.
Note that not all of the filtered fluid is excreted as urine. The average rate of urine production is approximately 1-1 ½ liters per day. Ninety-nine percent of the remaining filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream from the tubules.
Ureter
The ureter is a 10-12 inch duct that uses peristalsis (muscle contractions) to move urine along to the urinary bladder.
Vesical trigone.
Bladder lining has a smooth, close-to-the-muscle section
Volume limit of the bladder
1 1/2 pints
Male urethra length
7 inches
Female urethra length
1 1/2 inches
External urethral sphincter:
last valve holding the urine back. This sphincter is under voluntary control after the age of two or three
Urinary meatus
opening through which urine leaves the body
Location of the prostate gland?
Walnut sized. Located between urinary bladder and penis.
Function prostate?
Secretes a milky fluid that’s discharged into urethra at time of ejaculation to nourish and protect sperm.
hypernatremia
high sodium concentrations in the blood
Dysuria
Pain on urination
Common symptoms of urinary system disorders include:
Retention (unable to empty the bladder)
Incontinence (unable to control the urination)
Dysuria (pain on urination)
Oliguria (no urine formation)
Frequency
Urgency
Common disease of the urinary system include:
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in men
Urinary Incontinence
Infections
Renal failure
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is defined as the…….
enlargement of the prostate gland.
Symptoms BPH benign prostate hyperplasia ?
Urethra constric
Difficult urination
Inability to empty the bladder
Frequent urination due to weakness of bladder muscles.
Treatment BPH?
- Surgical removal of prostate
Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Dutasteride (Avodart)
Finasteride (Proscar)
Terazosin (Hytrin)
Doxazosin (Cardura)
Incontinence results from either
uncontrolled contraction or overactivity of the bladder muscles.
urinary tract infection, prostate gland inflammation, and obstruction of the urinary system can also cause
incontinence
medications that are commonly used to treat uncontrolled or overactive bladder include
Tolterodine (Detrol)
Oxybutynin (Ditropan)
Solifenacin (Vesicare)
Trospium (Santura)
UTI cause
Bacteria can move up to the urethra, uterus, bladder, and even the kidneys causing urethritis, ureteritis, cystitis, and pyelonephritis, respectively. UTIs also occur frequently in elderly people who are bed-bound and/or have catheters in place to remove urine from the bladder.
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
ureteritis
inflammation of the ureter
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidneys
Commonly used antibiotics to treat UTI include:
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra)
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (Augmentin)
Cefaclor (Ceclor)
Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn)
OTC to treat pain associated with UTI?
Phenazopyridine (AZO, Pyridium)
Acute renal failure
The quick onset of decline in kidney function due to dehydration, prolonged hospitalization, severe illness, trauma or drugs.
Acute renal failure is generally reversible with hydration and removal of offending medications or treatment of an offending disease.
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Chronic renal failure signifies a progressive decline in renal function.
Can be the result of age, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes, and genetic or environmental factors.
Renal failure causes your body
to build up waste due to the kidneys’ inability to remove nitrogenous waste.
Patients with chronic and severe renal failure may require mechanical means of filtering wastes from the blood. Mechanical filtration of your blood using different machines is called……
Dialysis
Hemodialysis (HD)
Patients are hooked to a machine that acts as a glitter as blood runs through it.
HD generally takes two to three hours, and patients with complete renal failure may require HD two to three times a week.
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
The continuous method of dialyzing blood with a dialysis solution infused in the peritoneal cavity.
The peritoneum membrane acts as a filter as wastes are drawn into the dialysis solution.
