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Body Systems and Medical Terminology 1 & 2 > GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

GI system also know as ?

A

Digestive System

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2
Q

GI tract continious tube that stretches from _____ to ____

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
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3
Q

Accessory organs of the GI system are:

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
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4
Q

The four major functions of digestion:

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
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5
Q

Ingestion

A

The process of putting food in the mouth, chewing and swallowing.

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6
Q

Digestion

A

The process of physically and chemically breaking chunks and large molecules of food into small molecules that will pass through cell membranes.
Digestive enzymes are substances that break down complex nutrients.

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7
Q

Digestive enzymes break down complex nutrients:

A
  • Proteins into simpler amino acids
  • Sugars into simple sugars (glucose)
  • Fats into fatty acids and triglycerides
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8
Q

Absorption

A

The process of transferring digested food from intestinal membranes into the blood circulation, which takes most nutrients straight to the liver for further processing and/or storage.

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9
Q

Elimination

A

The process of passing undigested and unabsorbed food out of the body in the form of stool.

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10
Q

The mouth is also referred to as the ..

A

Oral cavity or buccal cavity

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11
Q

bucca meaning

A

cheek

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12
Q

The back of the mouth is called the

A

throat or pharynx

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13
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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14
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

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15
Q

esophagus

A

food pipe

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16
Q

soft palate

A

the roof of your mouth

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17
Q

epiglottis

A

a flap of cartilage that folds down to cover the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx, and therefore the lungs.

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18
Q

How long is the esophagus ?

A

10-12 inches

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19
Q

peristalsis

A

muscle movement that moves food from the esophagus to the stomach.

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20
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

Prevents stomach content to reflux back into the esophagus.

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21
Q

The parts of the stomach:

A
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus (antrum)
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22
Q

Fundus (stomach)

A

Broad portion of the stomach near the esophagus.

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23
Q

Body (stomach)

A

The central portion of the stomach.

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24
Q

Pylors or Antrum (stomach)

A

The lower, narrow section of the stomach that joins with the small intestine.

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25
Q

Size of the stomach (empty)

A

Size and shape of a large eggplant. 12 inches long and wides part 6 inches around.

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26
Q

mucosa

A

A membrane that lines various cavities in the body and surrounds internal organs.

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27
Q

rugae

A

A series of ridges.
As the stomach fills up the ridges unfold so the stomach can stretch and smooth out.

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28
Q

How much can the stomach hold?

A

More than a quart at a time.

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29
Q

How long does food stay in the stomach?

A

About three hours.

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30
Q

The three layers of muscle in the stomach?

A
  • Longitudal
  • Oblique
  • Circular
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31
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

Prevents food from refluxing into the esophagus.

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32
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Prevents food from proceeding into the small intestine before the gastric process of digestion is complete.

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33
Q

What secretes gastric juices?

A

tTiny glands in the mucous membranes of the stomach’s lining

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34
Q

Which enzymes are in gastric juice?

A

Pepsin
Hydrochloric Acid (HCI)

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35
Q

Chyme

A

Churned food and enzymes.

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36
Q

Function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

A

Maintains acidic environment and kills bacteria in the stomach.

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37
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

20 feet (diameter 1-inch)

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38
Q

The three parts of the small intestine:

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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39
Q

Duodenum

A

Top part of the small intestine that extends from the stomach. About 12 inches long- curves around the head of the pancreas.
Pancreatic duct and common bile duct (liver) open into it to empy digestive juice.

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40
Q

Jejunum

A

The middle part of the small intestine. About 8 feet long, covered in villi (projections that help to absorb nutrients).

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41
Q

Ileum

A

Final section of the small intestine. 10 to 12 feet long, it absorbs nutrients that aren’t absorbed in the jejunum.

42
Q

the beta cells of the pancreas secrete _____ into the blood stream?

A

Insulin

43
Q

Main enzymes of pancreatic juice:

A

Trypsin
Lipase
Amylase

44
Q

Tripsin breaks down …

A

Protein

45
Q

Amylase breaks down …

A

Carbohydrates

46
Q

Lipase breaks down ….

A

Fat

47
Q

Pancreas also secretes Sodium bicarbonate to….

A

Neutralize the gastric acid

48
Q

Largest gland in the body?

A

The liver

49
Q

The liver’s most important jobs are to:

A

Store blood and filter out toxic elements
Convert sugars into glycogen (starch), which it stores
Maintain a normal blood sugar level
Maintain a normal sex hormone level in the blood
Break down fats and temporarily store fatty acids
Store vitamins B12, A, D, E, and K
Destroy old RBCs, storing useful components and sending others to the kidneys for disposal in urine
Produce fibrinogen and prothrombin, proteins that facilitate blood clotting

50
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

The blood vessels that take blood to the liver from the intestine

51
Q

Which organ in the body can regenerate if it’s damaged?

A

Liver (needs only one-quarter to regenrate)

52
Q

Length large intestine ?

A

5 feet

53
Q

Chief function large intestine?

A
  • Receive waste material from the small intestine
  • Absorb water & sodium from waste material
  • Incubate bacteria that produce essential vitamins
54
Q

Cecum

A

A pouch t the joint of the small and large intestine.

55
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Sphincter-like structure
Regulates the passage of material from the ileum of the small intestine to the cecum of the large intestine.

56
Q

The portion of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum is called the…..?

A

Colon

57
Q

Sections of the colon

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon sigmoid colon

58
Q

Where is the ileocecal valve?

A

large intestine

59
Q

Location ascending colon

A

“climbs” straight up from the cecum to the liver;

60
Q

Location transverse colon

A

goes “across” the abdomen

61
Q

Location descending colon

A

goes “down” along the flank

62
Q

Location sigmoid colon

A

makes an S shape, empties into the rectum.

63
Q

Gastrointestinal inflammation

A

Common disease that can occur from ingesting toxins, sustaining injury, or developing an infection from bacteria such as H. pylori. An increased amount of acid from certain drugs (steroids, aspirin, Motrin) can also irritate the stomach.

64
Q

Treatment gastrointestinal inflammation

A

Removing offending agent with pain relievers, anti-inflammatory medications and antibiotics.

65
Q

H. Pylori

A

Bacteria that can cause gastric or stomach ulcers

66
Q

Flatulence

A

Gas
Causes abdominal pain and discomfort. A decrease in GI motility and certain foods and drugs can cause accumulation of gas bubbles in the GI tract.
Treatment includes using simethicone (Mylicon, Gas-X, Phazyme).

67
Q

IBD

A

Inflammatory bowel disease

68
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease

A

Chronic inflammation of the GI tract.
Two common types of diseases associated with IBD are called ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, which can affect any part of the GI tract.

69
Q

Symptoms of IBD include:

A

Diarrhea
Constipation
Abdominal Pain
Weight loss

70
Q

Commonly used medications to treat IBD are:

A

Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol)
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
Infliximab (Remicade)
Mesalamine (Rowasa)
Metronidazole (Flagyl)

71
Q

Pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas. Most cases are caused by alcohol ingestion or gallstones.

72
Q

Pancreatitis symptoms

A

Severe upper abdominal pain
Nausea
Loss of appetite

73
Q

Treatment pancreatitis

A

Acute pancreatitis requires hospital admission for intravenous (IV) fluids, antibiotics, and medications to relieve pain and inflammation. In the case of gallstone pancreatitis, the gallbladder may be surgically removed.

74
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic liver failure often caused by alcoholism combined with malnutrition. Infections and poisons can also cause deterioration of the liver.
Cirrhosis takes a long time to develop, but its symptoms appear abruptly.
Liver damage can also happen due to untreated viral infections of the liver, such as hepatitis.

75
Q

Symptoms of cirrhosis

A

Abdominal pain
Vomiting of blood
Jaundice (the yellowing of skin due to buildup of a protein called bilirubin in the blood)
Swelling
Ascites (fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity)

76
Q

Diarrhea

A

Watery, loose, and frequent stools with or without abdominal pain.
Diarrhea can result from various illnesses such as colon cancer, inflammatory bowel syndrome, AIDS, and diabetes.
Food toxins can result in acute diarrhea, Certain medications such as antibiotics, antihypertensive medications, and antacids can also cause diarrhea.
Patients are instructed to keep themselves hydrated with electrolyte-containing solutions to prevent dehydration from continuous diarrhea. Diarrhea due to food poisoning isn’t treated with anti-diarrheal drugs, as diarrhea can help remove the toxin from the body.

77
Q

Constipation

A

The difficult or infrequent passing of stools

78
Q

Constipation can also be induced by certain medications such as

A

Antacids
Iron
Diuretics
Opiates

79
Q

Nausea

A

Uneasiness or discomfort of the stomach with the urge to vomit

80
Q

Vomiting
Emesis

A

Act of throwing up the contents of one’s stomach through the mouth.

81
Q

Causes of nausea and vomiting

A

Motion sickness
Migraines
Stomach inflammation or infection
Food poisoning
Side effects of many drugs.
Chemotherapy medications
Pregnancy

82
Q

Treatment nausea and emesis

A

antiemetic and anti-nausea medications

83
Q

GERD

A

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease

84
Q

Common risk factors for GERD include

A

Pregnancy
Obesity
Smoking
Surgery

85
Q

Common symptoms of GERD are:

A

Heartburn
Coughing
Chest pain
Difficult breathing
Regurgitation

86
Q

GERD can be prevented with such lifestyle modifications as:

A

Weight loss
Exercise
Smoking cessation
Consumption of smaller meals
Staying upright for two to three hours after meals
Avoiding chocolate, alcohol and caffeine

87
Q

PUD

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease

88
Q

Peptic ulcer is….

A

An open lesion or wound in the mucosal lining of the GI tract including the esophagus, stomach, and intestine.
The most frequent and severe complication of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is GI bleeding.

89
Q

Caused of peptic ulcers:

A

Cigarettes
Alcohol
NSAIDs
Aspirin
Steroids
H. pylori.

90
Q

Treatment of peptic ulcer/PUD

A

Lifestyle modifications
Antiacids with antibiotics

91
Q

Zantac generic:

A

Ranitidine

92
Q

Prilosec generic:

A

Omeprazole

93
Q

Azulfidine generic:

A

Sulfasalazine

94
Q

FiberCon generric:

A

Polycarbophil

95
Q

Metamucil generic:

A

Psyllium

96
Q

Zofran generic:

A

Ondansetron

97
Q

Decadron generic

A

Dexamethasone

98
Q

Dulcolax generic

A

Bisacodyl

99
Q

Lactinex generic

A

Lactobacillus

100
Q

Compazine generic

A

Prochloprazine

101
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign or noncancerous tumor of a gland

102
Q
A

Body Systems and Medical Terminology 1 & 2 (10 decks)

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