MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY & INTRODUCTION TO BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards
AB-
away from
abnormal
away from normal
NORM
-rule
- order
-AL
pertaining to
diagnosis
the underlying cause of a patient’s symptoms
dia-
complete
gnos
knowledge
-sis
process
AD-
toward
AN-
without
ANA-
up
apart
ANTE-
before
ANTI-
against
Auto-
self
BI-
two
BRADY-
Slow
Circum-
around
Dis-
apart
Dys-
abnormal
difficult
painful
Ecto-
outside
Endo-
within
EPI-
above
upon
over
EX-
external
outward
hemi-
half
hyper-
above
beyond
excessive
hypo-
below
under
deficient
IN-
inward
without
not
within
INTRA-
within
INTER-
between
MACRO-
large
MICRO-
small
MONO-
one
PARA-
beside
near
abnormal
PER-
through
PERI-
around
POLY-
many
POST-
after
PRE-
before
PRO-
before
QUADRI-
four
SEMI-
partial
half
SUB-
below
SUPER-
above
beyond
SUPRA-
above
beyond
TACHY-
rapid
fast
TRANS-
across
through
TRI-
three
UNI-
one
-ALGIA
PAIN
-CYTE
CELL
-CYTOSIS
MORE THAN THE NORMAL # OF CELLS
-DYNIA
PAIN
-DERMA
SKIN CONDITION
-DIPSIA
THIRST
-EDEMA
SWELLING
-EMIA
BLOOD CONDITION
-GLOBIN
PROTEIN
-GLOBULIN
PROTEIN
-IA
CONDITION
STATE
-IASIS
ABNORMAL CONDITION
-IST
SPECIALIST
-ISTRY
SPECIALIST
-ITIS
INFLAMMATION
-LITH
STONE
-LITHIASIS
CONDITION OF STONES
-LOGIC
PERTAINING TO STUDYING
-LOGICAL
PERTAINING TO STUDY OF
-LOGIST
ONE WHO STUDIES
-MEGALLY
ENLARGEMENT
-OMA
MASS
TUMOR
-OREXIA
APPETITE-
-OSIS
ABNORMAL CONDITION
-OTIA
EAR CONDITION
-PARESIS
WEAKNESS
-PATHY
DISEASE
-PHAGIA
EAT
SWALLOW
-PHASIA
SPEECH
-PLEGIA
PARALYSIS
-PNEA
BREATHING
-POIESES
FORMATION
-PTOSIS
PROLAPSE
DROOPING
-PTYSIS
SPITTING
-RRHAGIA
ABNORMAL FLOW
EXCESSIVE
-RRHAGE
ABNORMAL FLOW
EXCESSIVE
-RRHEA
DISCHARGE
-SCLEROSIS
HARDENING
-STENOSIS
NARROWING
- TENSION
PRESSURE
-THORAX
CHEST
-TRIPSY
CRUSHING
-TROPHY
NOURISHMENT
-URIA
CONDITION OF THE URINE
-CENTESIS
PUNCTURE
-ECTOMY
SURGICAL REMOVAL
-GRAM
RECORD
PICTURE
-GRAPH
INSTRUMENT FOR RECORDING
-GRAPHY
PROCESS OF RECORDING
-METER
INSTRUMENT OF MEASURING
-METRY
PROCESS OF MEASURING
-LYSIS
SEPARATION
BREAKDOWN
DESTRUCTION
-OPSY
VIEW OF
VISION
-OSTOMY
SURGICAL OPENING
-OTOMY
CUTTING INTO
-PLASTY
SURGICAL REPAIR
-RRHAPHY
SUTURE
-SCOPE
INSTRUMENT FOR VIEWING
-SCOPY
VISUAL EXAMINATION
-STOMY
ARTIFICIAL OPENING
-TOME
INSTRUMENT TO CUT
-TOMY
INCISION
CUTTING
ESTESI/O
FEELING
SENSATION
ANESTHESIOLOGIST
ADMINISTERS AGENTS PRIOR TO AND DURING SURGERY
CARDI/O
HEART
CARDIOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS ABNORMAL DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE HEART
CHIR/O
HAND
CHIROPRACTOR
TREATS DISORDERS ORIGINATING FROM MISALIGNMENT
DENT/O
TOOTH
DENTIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISEASE & DISORDERS OF TEETH AND TISSUES OF THE ORAL CAVITY
DERMAT/O
SKIN
DERMATOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
CRIN/O
SECRETE
ENDOCRINOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISORDERS & MALFUNCTIONS OF THE GLANDS OF INTERNAL SECRETION
DEM/O
PEOPLE
EPIDEMIOLOGIST
STUDIES SUDDEN OUTBREAKS, DISEASES OR EPIDEMICS IN A GROUP
GASTR/O
STOMACH
ENTER/O
INTESTINE
GASTROENTEROLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH & INTESTINES
GERONT/O
OLD AGE
GERONTOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISEASES AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AGING
GYNEC/O
FEMALE
GYNECOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISORDERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
HEMAT/O
BLOOD
HEMATOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREAT DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD AND BLOOD-FORMING TISSUES
IMMUN/O
PROTECTED
IMMUNOLOGIST
STUDIES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
INTERN/O
WITHIN
INNER
INTERNIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISEASES & DISORDERS OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS
NAT/O
BIRTH
NEONATOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISORDERS OF THE NEWBORN
NEPHR/O
KIDNEY
NEPHROLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISEASES & DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEY
NEUR/O
NERVE
Neurologist
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISEASES & DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
OBSTETR/O
MIDWIFE
OBSTETRICIAN
PROVIDES MEDICAL CARE TO WOMEN DURING AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER PREGNANCY
ONC/O
TUMOR
ONCOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES AND TREATS MALIGNANCIES
OPTHALM/O
EYE
OPTHAMOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE EYE
OPT/O
EYE
VISION
OPTOMETRIST
MEASURES ACCURACY OF VISION & PRESCRIBES LENSES OR EYEGLASSES
ORTH/O
STRAIGHT
NORMAL
ORTHOPEDIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISORDERS INVOLVING THE BONES, JOINTS & MUSCLES
OSTE/O
BONE
OSTEOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS HEALTH PROBLEMS INVOLVING THE BONES
OT/O
EAR
RHIN/O
NOSE
LARYNG/O
LARYNX
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISEASES & DISORDERS OF THE EAR, NOSE & THROAT
PATH/O
DISEASE
SUFFERING
PATHOLOGIST
ANALYZES TISSUES
PERFORMS AUTOPSIES
PED/O
PED/I
CHILD
PEDIATRICIAN
DIAGNOSES, TREATS & PREVENTS DISORDERS AND DISEASES OF CHILDREN
POD/O
PED/I
FOOT
PODIATRIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS DISORDERS OF THE FOOT
PROCT/O
ANUS
RECTUM
PSYCH/O
MIND
PSYCHIATRIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS CHEMICAL & MENTAL ILLNESS
PSYCHOLOGIST
EVALUATES & TREATS EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS
UR/O
URINE
URINARY ORGANS
UROLOGIST
DIAGNOSES & TREATS URINARY SYSTEM OF FEMALES/ GENITOURINARY SYSTEM OF MALES
cytology
examining cells from bodily tissues or fluids to determine a diagnosis.
cerebrovascular
Blood flow in the brain
Ureterostenosis
Specifically refers to the narrowing or constriction of the ureter.
paronychia
Inflammation of the nail
fetus
An unborn or unhatched offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human more than eight weeks after conception.
Intradermal
Is situated, occurring, or done within or between the layers of the skin; also : administered by entering the skin.
diuretic
Medicines that help reduce fluid buildup in the body.
Anaphylaxis
Severe allergic reaction
adduction
The movement of a part of the body towards the middle of the body or towards another body part.
eosinophil
Are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections.
KARY/O
Neucleus
blephar/o
eyelid
-ia
condition
disease
-itis
inflammation
-quad
four
-pathy
disease
-hypo
below
deficient
enter/o
intestine
sangin/o
blood
erythr/o
red
olig/o
few
scant
ventricul/o
ventricles
any hollow region inside an organ
-throphy
nourishment
development
audi/o
hearing
kerat/o
cornea
hard
men/o
menses
menstruation
phalang/o
finger or toe bone
ather/o
fatty deposit
plaque
dermat/o
skin
Structures of the human body consist of:
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Cells form….
tissue
Tissue builds..
organs
Organs make up…
body systems
Cells made of …
molecules (which are made of atoms)
Cell functions
Reproduction
hormone secretion
excretion
energy production
Muscle cells…..
contract
Nerve cells….
transmit electric impulses
Shape of musle cells
long and skinny
Shape of epithelial (skin) cells
square-like and flat
Shape of nerve cells
roots or tentacles
Shape of fat cells
blobs
Three main parts of a cell
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Outer boundary of the cell.
Made up of proteins and lipids.
Let’s substances in and out.
Nucleus
Middle of the cell
Command and Control Center
Contains: Nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, ribosomes
Nuclear membrane
Double-layered substance
Surrounds nucleus
Let’s materials pass between nucleus and cytoplasm
CYT/O
cell
-PLASM
formative
formed material
Cytoplasm
Material that forms cells
Organelles
Structures in the cytoplasm.
endoplasmic reticulum
Network of structures in the cytoplasm
Functions in transportation and storage.
Two types of endoplasmic reticulum
rough and smooth
Bening Tumors
- abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth confined to one area.
Types of benign tumors
Lipoma ( tumor of the fat cells)
Nodule in the thyroid gland
Malignant Tumors
- Causes serious illness and death.
- Don’t obey laws and restrictions which usually control cell growth.
- Multiply at the expense of normal cells
Define Tissue
A body of cells organized to perform a function.
Tissue may contain…
nonliving substances produced by the cells.
Extracellular matrix
Complex network of proteins, fluid, various molecules that support the cells.
Four different tissue types
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue
Epithelial tissue
Covers the inner and outer surface of the body. Skin is the most visible example.
Covers organs
Lines body cavities (that contain organs)
Forms portions of fucts and glands.
Protects the body and absorbs, secretes and excretes substances.
Connective tissue
Connects or supports other body structures.
Muscle tissue
Relaxes and contracts to allow body parts to move and certain organs to function.
Nerve tissue
Located throughout the body
Carries messages to and from the brain.
Makes up the brain, spinal cord, nerves.
Fundamental unit: Nerve cell (Neuron).
Squamous epithelial cells
Outer layer of the skin
Protect against invasion of bacteria
Columnar epithelial cells
Covers the external surface of organs.
Lines the digestive tract (stomach and intestines), ducts, glands and part of respiratory tract.
Colum-like shape
Endocrine gland cells
Epithelial tissue that secrets products directly into the bloodstream (ex: thyroid gland).
Exocrine
Don’t secrete into bloodstream. Rather into some other compartment of body or outside it (ex: seat gland)
Cuboidal epithelial cells
Form tissue that protects the kidney tubules and covers ovaries and certain glands.
Connective tissue
connects or supports other body structures
Types of Connnective tissue
- Facia
- Cartilage
- Adipose tissue
- Blood
- Lymph
Fascia
Connective tissue that forms a membrane that surrounds muscles or organs to separate and support them.
Cartilage
Rubbery, smooth material that lines the surfaces of the joints.
Adipose Tissue
A connective tissue that can also provide energy in the form of lipid molecules.
Blood
Connective Tissue
Transports nutrients and waste to and from cells.
Lymph
Connective Tissue
Interstitial fluid that has been filtered by lymph vessels.
Three types of muscle tissue
Voluntary
Involuntary
Cardiac
Neurons
Conduct signals from one end of the cell to another.
Factors that can affect wound healing:
- Poor circulation
- Infection in the wound
- Several drugs can interfere with immune system (healing)
- Lack of sufficient protein or vitamins in the diet
Epiphelial membranes can be divided into two types;
Mucous and serous
Three different types of serous membranes
pleural membrane
pericardial membrane
peritoneal membrane
Pleural Membranes
Line the pleural cavity (fluid-filled space surrounding the lungs)
Parietal pleural membrane line inside of rib cage.
Visceral pleural membrane covers outside of the lungs.
Produce pleural fluid to lubricate the expansio and contraction of the lungs.
pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura
pleura
each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs
Peritoneal Membrane
Lines the peritoneal or abdominal cavity.
The peritoneal cavity and visceral peritoneal membranes cover the outer surface of stomach and instestines.
peritonitis
inflammation of the abdominal cavity
Pericardial Membrane
Encases the heart.
Produce small amount of pericardial fluid to allow the heart to beat freely with minimal friction.
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardial membranes
Parietal
Relating to the walls of a cavity
always line the cavities
Visceral
Relating to an organ
always surrounds the organs
Two types of connective membranes
Synovial
Meninges (singular meninx)
Synovial membranes
Line the cavities of joints that move freely.
Synovial fluid allows the cartilage on the ends of the bones to move smoothly.
Synovitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane
Meninges (singular Meninx)
Coverings of the brain and spinal cord in the dorsal cavity and they provide protection for those structures.
Meninges secrete cerebrospinal fluid.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges.
Potenitially life-threatening!
Frontal or Coronal plane
Divides the body vertically, into anterior and posterior portions.
Sagittal plane
Divides the body veritcally into right and left parts.
Midsagittal plane
Goes through the exact median of the body, dividing it into near-mirrow images
Transverse or Cross-sectional plane
Divides the body horizontally, into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
Axial part of the body
Head
Neck
Torso or Trunk
Cavities in axial portion
Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity
Dorsal cavity divided in
Cranial cavity (brain)
Spinal Cavity (vertebral canal)
Spinal cavity is divided in
Cervical (neck) - vertebrae C-1 to C-7
Thoracic (chest) vertebrae T-1 to T-12
Lumbar (loin) vertebrae L-1 to L-5
Sacral (lower back) vertebrae S1-S-5
Coccyx (tailbone)
Cervical vertebrae section
C-1 to C-5
Thoracic vertebrae section
T-1 to T-5
Lumbar vertebrae section
L-1 to L-5
Sacral vertebrae section
S-1 to S-5
Coccyx
Tailbone
Ventral cavity subdivided into…
Thoracic and Abdominal cavities.
Abdominopelvic cavity (largest) contains
Stomach
Intestines
Kidneys
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Spleen
Right Hypochondriac
Right upper lateral abdominal region that contains the lower ribs
Epigastric (or Epigastrium)
Region above the umbilical region.
Left Hypochondriac
Left upper lateral abdominal region that contains the lower ribs
Right Lumbar
Right loin region even with the umbilical region
Umbilical
Middle region that contains the umbilicus or belly button
Left Lumbar
Left loin region even with the umbilical region
Right iliac
Right pelvic region
Hypogastric
Lower middle region beneath the navel between the right and left illiac
Left illiac
Left pelvic region
Midline abdominal cavity contains
Aorta
Pancreas
small intestine
bladder
spine
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
- Gallbladder
- duodenum (first part of small intestine)
- head of pancreas
- right kidney and adrenal gland
- hepatic flexure of colon
- part of the ascending colon
- transverse colon
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Part of the pancreas
- Parts of the small and large intestines
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
- Small and large intestines
- right ovary
- right fallopian tube
- the appendix
- right ureter
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Left ovary and tube
- Left urerter
- Left spermatic cord
Supine postion (recumbent position)
On the back, face forward.
Lateral recumbent position
Lying on either left or right side.
Prone
on belly, face down
Superior
Toward the head
Inferior
Toward the feet
cephalic (pertaining to the head) is used to mean
superior
caudal (pertianing to the tail) is used as meaning for
inferior
Anabolism
After body digests food it uses it to construct muscle tissue, deposit fat under skin, and store carbohydrate energy.
Catabolism
Complex substances are broken down.
Example: Working out- burning fat
Metabolism
Sum of the chemical reactions of anabolism and catabolism.
Carbohydrates are found in ?
Starches
Sugars
Carbohydrates converted to …?
Glucose (for immediate energy use)
Carbohydrates get stored as …?
Glycogen (in muscles and liver)
released as glucose during exercise and short-term starvation.
Long-term energy storage
Lipids
- Capable to store energy
- provide protection and communication between cells.
- 3 different kinds
3 different kinds of lipids
Fats and Oils
Waxes
Steroids
Lipids: Fats & Oils Function?
Assist with energy storage
Energy from lipids can’t be used rapidly… designed to be used during long-term starvation.
Lipids: Waxes. Function?
Lipids work as a protection. They help cells by preventing water loss within the body.
Lipids: Steroids
Assist with the communication process between cells.
Composed of cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen.
Vitamins
Function is coenzymes, helping to catalyze chemical reactions.
How many essential amino acids ?
9
Protein
3rd mayor nutrient.
Basic building block of body.
Makes up muscles and other tissues and is in every part of our cells.
All enzymes that drive metabolims are proteins.
Antibodies of immune system are proteins.
Protein only used for energy in extreme situations of extreme stress or starvation (when carbohydrates and fat stores are consumed).
Cholesterol and Triglycerides
types of lipids
Water
Makes up more than 50% of the body.
Incomplete protein
Does not contain all the essential amino acids
Complete protein
Contains all 9 amino acids
Minerals and trace elements
Chemical compunds present in very small amounts of food.
No calories.
Variety of purposes in metabolism.
Eponym
A term named for the person who discovered the illness or procedure
Acronym
An abbreviation formed from the initial letters
Prefix
A unit of meaning attached to front of the word
Root
The core foundation of a word’s meaning.
Combining Form
The root and combining vowel together
Combining Vowel
A vowel (mostly o) added to the end of a root word without changing the meaning
Suffix
A unit of meaning attached to the end of a word
Microscopic
So small that you can’t see it without microscope
pharyng/o
throat; pharynx
hyster/o
uterus
-trophy
nourishment; development
-penia
deficiency
cortic/o
cortex
orch/o
testes
ather/o
fatty deposit; plaque
-stomy
artifical opening
dipl/o
double
hepat/o
liver
arthr/o
joint
-ary
pertaining to
tympan/o
eardrum
pyel/o
renal; pelvis
