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Body Systems and Medical Terminology 1 & 2 > REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Gametes

A

The germ or “seed” cells

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2
Q

Female gametes

A

Ovum (ova plural) / egg

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3
Q

Male gametes

A

Spermatoza/ sperm

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4
Q

Gametes produced in?

A

Gonads

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5
Q

Female gonads

A

Ovaries

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6
Q

Male gonads

A

Testes

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7
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Directly related to the growth and function of the reproductive system itself

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8
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Refer to those “masculine” and “feminine” body features, such as beard growth and breast development

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9
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusing of ovum and sperm

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10
Q

Gender differentation begins at what fetal age?

A

2 month

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11
Q

How do ova and sperm cells differ from other body cells?

A

They carry only half the usual number of chromosomes.

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12
Q

External male genitalia

A

Penis
Scrotum

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13
Q

Internal male genitalia

A

Testes
Duct system
Accessory glands

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14
Q

The specialty area of medicine that treats male urinary and reproductive disorders is called…..

A

Urology

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15
Q

The penis is the male sex organ composed of three parts:

A

Shaft
A tip called the glans
A cuff of skin called the prepuce (or foreskin)

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16
Q

Erection of the penis:

A

Arteries bring blood into the penis. This pressure squeezes against the veins, preventing blood from going out again. The penis becomes engorged with blood, causing the erectile tissue of the penis to become firm.

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17
Q

Ejaculation

A

Ejaculation of semen occurs when sexual arousal reaches a peak, known as orgasm

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18
Q

A skin-covered sac called the ______contains two testes (or testicles)

A

Scrotum

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19
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Origin and development of the sperm cells

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20
Q

Spermatozoa

A

A mature male germ cell (sperm)

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21
Q

Where do the testes originally develop in the embryo?

A

Abdominal cavity

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22
Q

Testes descend to the scrotum a couple month before birth through which passage?

A

inguinal canal

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23
Q

Where are the sperm-manufacturing cells are located?

A

In 250 lobules/ They hold the seminiferous tubules

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24
Q

Leydig cells in the testes produce a class of hormones called….

A

Androgens

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25
Q

Epididymis

A

A highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.
16-foot-long tube coiled tightly into a two-inch space along the length of the testicle

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26
Q

Which part of the sperm contains the genetic material?

A

The “head region”

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27
Q

The tail of the semen is called?

A

Flagellum

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28
Q

Each ejaculation of semen contains approximately how many sperm?

A

300 million

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29
Q

(Male reproductive) The duct system includes four parts:

A

Epididymis
Vas deferens
Urethra
Ejaculatory ducts

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30
Q

The epididymis performs two functions:

A

Storing sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules
Continuing to develop the sperm

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31
Q

vas deferens (ductus deferens)

A

Firm, hollow tube that carries sperm straight through the spermatic cord.

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32
Q

The seminal fluids contained in semen are secreted by the

A

accessory sex glands

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33
Q

Seminal fluid consists of?

A

Proteins
Minerals
Fructose
Enzymes
Mucus
Citric acid

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34
Q

The main accessory glands of the male reproductive system include?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Cowper’s glands

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35
Q

Seminal fluid comes from?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Cowper’s glands (Bulbourethral glands)

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36
Q

Erectile dysfunction (ED)/Impotence

A

An inability to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse.

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37
Q

Causes for ED/Impotence

A

Physical:
- Disease
- Injury
- Side effects of certain medications

Psychological:
- Depression
- Stress
- Fear of sexual failure

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38
Q

Diseases that may cause erectile dysfunction include:

A
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Abnormal hormone production

Medications such as beta blockers and antidepressants

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39
Q

Impotence

A

Any male condition that interferes with reproduction.
Besides ED, other forms of it include ejaculation problems, low sperm count, or lack of sexual desire.

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40
Q

Medications used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED):

A

Sildenafil citrate (Viagra)
Vardenafil (Levitra)
Tadalafil (Cialis)
Avanafil (Stendra)

All of these medications can cause hypotension.
Patients taking bp mediction should avoid taking these medicatons.

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41
Q

Sildenafil and vardenafil are taken…?

A

30 -60 minutes prior to sexual activity
Lasts up to 4 hours

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42
Q

Tadalafil is longer-acting and lasts up to ?

A

36 hours

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43
Q

Avanafil is faster-acting, usually taken ______before sexual activity?

A

15-30 minuts prior

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44
Q

Priapism

A

Disorder in which an erection persists for more than four hours without stimulation.

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45
Q

Treatment Priapism

A

Aspiration of blood from the penis
Medications such as phenylephrine and surgical interventions when necessary.

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46
Q

Priapism causes

A

Can be caused by certain medications, such as the drugs given for erectile dysfunction. It can also be caused by the use of some recreational drugs, such as cocaine.

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47
Q

Untreated, this condition can cause ….

A

Damage to blood vessels in the penis, blood clotting, and ischemia (restriction of blood supply), which can lead to gangrene. Priapism generally requires emergency room admission.

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48
Q

What is the largest cell in the human body?

A

The ovum

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49
Q

A female is born with ____ immature sex cells.

A

1 million

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50
Q

How many ova (eggs) will be released during puberty and menopause ?

A

350-500

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51
Q

Usually, only one ovum a month leaves the ovary and travels down the fallopian tube, where it may meet up with a sperm. This process is called

A

Ovulation

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52
Q

At times, more than one ovum may be released, especially when using certain fertility treatments; the fertilization of two ova will result in

A

fraternal or dizygotic twins

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53
Q

If one ovum is fertilized and splits to form two embryos, it will result in

A

identical twins

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54
Q

How long does sperm live?

A

About 48 hours after ejaculation.

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55
Q

How long do ova live?

A

24 hours after ovulation

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56
Q

When does intercourse need to occur for fertilization to occur?

A

1 day before ovulation
On the day of ovulation
1 day after ovulation

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57
Q

The medical specialty that treats the female reproductive system actually has two components called

A

obstetrics and gynecology.

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58
Q

The obstetrics component deals with

A

Pregnancy and childbirth

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59
Q

The gynecologic component deals with

A

Diseases and illnesses of the female reproductive tract.

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60
Q

The female reproductive organs include the:

A
  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Acessory glands
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61
Q

Menstruation

A

the process of discarding old tissue so that fresh ones can be prepared for the next potential embryo.

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62
Q

The ovaries are located….

A

On each side of the uterus.

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63
Q

Ovaries contain thousands of tiny sacs called…

A

Graafian follicles

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64
Q

Ovulation

A

After the onset of puberty, once a month, a Graafian follicle ruptures and a mature ovum leaves the ovary for the journey down the fallopian tube.

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65
Q

The ruptured follicle transforms into a yellow, glandular structure called the

A

corpus luteum

66
Q

What produces progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum

67
Q

Progesterone

A

Stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.
Provides the proper environment for a fetus.
If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the corpus luteum stops producing progesterone and decays, forming a mass of scar tissue.

68
Q

Beginning at puberty, the ovaries start secreting the female sex hormone

A

Estrogen

69
Q

Causes the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics that shape a woman’s body to develop?

A

Estrogen

70
Q

Menarche

A

Female’s first menstrual cycle

71
Q

High levels of progesterone and estrogen in the bloodstream during pregnancy cause …..

A

the pituitary to shut off production of FSH and LH, which stops ovulation.

72
Q

Birth control bills contain……to trick the pituitary into stopping ovulation?

A

Estrogen and/or progesterone

73
Q

Oviducts

A

Fallopian tubes

74
Q

Each fallopian tube curves around the edge of the ovary. Its fingerlike fringed edges, called….?

A

Fimbriae

75
Q

Fimbriae function?

A

Catch the released ovum

76
Q

Infundibulum

A

A funnel-shaped cavity or structure.
Ex: fallopian tbe curves around ovary.

77
Q

Peristalsis

A

Is a rhythmic squeezing and relaxing motion of muscles.
Gentle, wave-like movement that propels forward.

78
Q

What moves the ovum forward once in the fallopian tube?

A

Peristalsis of the fallopian tube, combined with the sweeping movement of hairs called cilia, moves the ovum forward toward the next portion of the fallopian tube called ampulla.

79
Q

Ampulla

A

the longest and widest portion of the fallopian tube between the infundibulum and the isthmus of the tube.

80
Q

Isthmus

A

The section of the fallopian tubes that enters the uterus

81
Q

If the ovum is fertilized, it will continue on through the_________, exit into the uterus through the intramural oviduct, and attach itself in the uterine wall.

A

Isthmus

82
Q

Thin, skin-like outer layer of uterine tissue is called the

A

perimetrium

83
Q

The middle layer is the muscular part, called the

A

myometrium

84
Q

The inner lining of the uterus,__________ is a mucous membrane with a rich supply of blood vessels. This layer has two parts:

A

endometrium

85
Q

The two part of the endometrium

A

basal endometrium
functional endometrium

86
Q

basal endometrium

A

stays in place all the time

87
Q

functional endometrium

A

develops to prepare for pregnancy, then sloughs away at the end of the menstrual cycle

88
Q

The rounded, upper portion of the uterus where the fallopian tubes enter is the

A

Fundus

89
Q

the large center part of the uterus is called the ?

A

Corpus or Body

90
Q

(Uterus) The rounded bulb at the bottom that protrudes into the innermost position of the vagina?

A

Cervix

91
Q

Location Vagina

A

Between Anus and Urethra

92
Q

Function of Vagina

A

Passage for the entry of sperm and the exit of menstrual fluid and babies

93
Q

Bartholin’s glands, also called greater vestibular glands …..

A

Secrete mucus-like fluid from duct orifices on either side of the vagina. They’re analogous to the bulbourethral or Cowper’s glands in the male.

94
Q

Female breast size is determined by the amount of…..

A

Adipose tissue (fat) that surrounds the actual mammary glands (milk-secreting glands).

95
Q

The mammary gland starts secreting milk….

A

three days after parturition (childbirth).

96
Q

Colostrum

A

Athin, yellow fluid containing protein and lactose (milk sugar) but little fat.

97
Q

Which hormone stimulates the production of milk?

A

Prolactin (released by pituitary

98
Q

Which hormone releases the milk from the glands?

A

Oxytocin

99
Q

The milk-secreting tissue is made up of _____ lobes that converge at the nipple?

A

15-20 lobes

100
Q

The medical name for the nipple is

A

Mammary papilla

101
Q

The pigmented area surrounding the nipple is the

A

Areola

102
Q

Ovulation generally occurs once every _____days, although the length of this cycle varies among females.

A

28 days

103
Q

The menstrual cycle repeats itself how many times per year?

A

13 times

104
Q

The four phase of the menstrual cycle:

A
  • Menstrual phase
  • Follicular or Proliferative stage
  • Ovulation phase
  • Luteal phase or secretory phase
105
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

The first day of a woman’s period counts as the first day of her menstrual cycle.
Uterus sheds the functional endometrium because there was no fertilized ovum to implant. Normal time range 3-7 days.

106
Q

Follicular or Proliferative stage

A

A Graafian follicle grows an ovum to maturity, and estrogen signals the basal endometrium to start growing a new function endometrium.
The cervix starts to produce less-acidic mucus that will actually assist the sperm in their journey to the fallopian tube. This phase lasts 6-12 days.

107
Q

Ovulation phase

A

Lasts one or two days/ typically occurs midway through the cycle.
When the ovum has nearly matured, the estrogen level is high enough to trigger the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH). This causes the ovary to release the ovum. Ovum then enters the fallopian tube and awaits fertilization by the sperm. If fertilized, the ovum will immediately begin to develop, still moving through the fallopian tube. It will take about three days to implant into the endometrium.

108
Q

Luteal phase, or Secretory phase

A

Dominated by the corpus luteum, the “yellow body” created when the ovum left the ovary. The corpus luteum produces hormones to make the endometrium receptive to implantation and early pregnancy.
During this phase, a woman’s body temperature increases. After ovulation, the hormones FSH and LH sustain the corpus luteum. If the egg is fertilized, the resultant embryo will produce the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which can support the corpus luteum instead of LH. If the LH is too low and there’s no embryo to produce HCG, the corpus luteum stops producing hormones to prepare the body for pregnancy. This will be the signal for the endometrium to slough off, starting the cycle all over again. This final phase lasts about two weeks.

109
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg cell

110
Q

Embryo

A

As soon as zygote divides itself into two cells.

111
Q

By the time the embryo implants itself on the uterine wall a few days later, it’s a cluster of ________cells

A

16

112
Q

When does an embryo have brain and spinal cord?

A

After 4 weeks

113
Q

When do we start referring to an unborn child as fetus?

A

After 2 month

114
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is produced by the ….?

A

embryo and sustains the corpus luteum in place of LH.
It’s also the identifying hormone in urine tests for pregnancy.

115
Q

Menopause

A

The cessation of menstruation.
Menopause usually occurs between the ages of 45 to 55, but it can occur earlier or later. Menopause that occurs before age 35 is considered “premature”. If it occurs after age 58, it’s considered “delayed”.

116
Q

Endometriosis

A

A condition where the endometrium (the innermost layer of the uterus) grows out of the uterus. The exact cause of endometriosis is unknown. Some women may have this condition without any symptoms, while others may experience symptoms such as pain during menstruation or during sexual intercourse.
Endometriosis may also interfere with fertility. In younger women who wish to have children, hormone therapy is given as a treatment.
Depending on the severity of the condition, the offending tissues may be removed in surgery and a complete hysterectomy performed to prevent a recurrence.

117
Q

Medications that are also useful to treat endometriosis include:

A

Danazol (Danocrine)
Nafarelin (Synarel)
Lupron Depot

118
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

Is characterized by inflammation of the cervix (cervicitis), uterus (endometritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), ovaries (oophoritis), and sometimes the connective tissues of the uterus (parametritis). Abdominal pain, fever, and vaginal discharge of pus are all symptoms of PID. The most common cause of PID is gonorrhea

119
Q

Cervicitis

A

Inflammation of the cervix

120
Q

Endometritis

A

Inflammation of the uterus

121
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes

122
Q

Oophoritis

A

Inflamation of the ovaries

123
Q

Parametritis

A

inflammation of the connective tissues of the uterus

124
Q

Most common cause of PID

A

Gonorrhea

125
Q

Leukorrhea

A

whitish-yellowish discharge

126
Q

Trichomonas parasite and a fungus named Candida albicans are common causes of ….?

A

Vaginitis

127
Q

Infection with Trichomonas results in…..symptoms?

A

foul-smelling, whitish-yellowish discharge, or leukorrhea, which in turn causes itching, burning, and soreness in the vaginal area.

128
Q

Candidiasis

A

Yeast infection
Causes a clumpy discharge and intense itching, termed pruritus vulvae.

129
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching

130
Q

Genital herpes is caused by…..

A

herpes simplex virus

131
Q

Symptoms of genital herpes

A

blisters around the genitals that can break and leave sore ulcers. These ulcers may take two to four weeks to heal at first. The infection can stay in the body indefinitely, but outbreaks tend to become fewer and less severe over the years

132
Q

Medications useful in treating genital herpes include:

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Famciclovir (Famvir)
Valacyclovir (Valtrex)

133
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

Very common virus that most people come into contact with at some time during their lives. This virus causes genital warts in both men and women as well as cervical cancer in women. Treatment involves application of acid or liquid nitrogen to destroy the warts.
There are vaccines available to prevent HPV infection in both men and women. The best time to get these vaccines is before becoming sexually active. Vaccines like Gardasil and Cervarix can prevent genital warts and cervical cancer.

134
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Men receive more symptoms, such as dysuria (painful urination) and discharge of pus from the penis. Although women may also have dysuria and vaginal discharge, the symptoms are typically milder than those in men. Gonorrhea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility in women if left untreated. Gonorrhea can be diagnosed with tests that detect the bacterial genes in urethral or cervical swab samples.
Treatment involves antibiotics

135
Q

Syphilis

A

Infection caused by Treponema pallidum. The initial sign is a genital sore called a chancre. Chronic infection can affect the vertebrae, heart, and central nervous system.
Again, treatment involves antibiotics; refer to the Medications to treat Reproductive System infections list of commonly used antibiotics.

136
Q

Medications to treat Reproductive System infections list of commonly used antibiotics.

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Famciclovir (Famvir)
Valacyclovir (Valtrex)

137
Q

Chlamydia

A

Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Signs of infection include painful urination and penile or vaginal discharge; symptoms are more prominent in men. Like gonorrhea, this STD can cause PID and infertility in women. Chlamydia can also be diagnosed with new tests that detect the bacterial genes in a urethral or cervical swab sample. Treatment is with antibiotics; refer to the Medications to Treat Reproductive Infections Table for the list of commonly used antibiotics.

138
Q

Trichomoniasis vaginalis

A

An infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginitis. Symptoms for women include vaginal discharge, burning, and itching; men usually have no symptoms. Treatment is with antibiotics; refer to the Medications to Treat Reproductive System Infections table for the list of commonly used antibiotics.

139
Q

Chronic use of _____ can lead to PUD.

A

Aspirin

140
Q

The generic name of Colace is

A

Docusate

141
Q

Pantoprazole is the generic name for

A

Protonix

142
Q

Zidovudine, didanosine, and abacavir are medications commonly used to treat

A

HIV

143
Q

Which of the following medications is used to treat pain associated with UTI?
Oxybutynin
Ciprofloxacin
Tamsulosin
Pyridium

A

Pyridium

144
Q

Ciprofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of

A

UTI

145
Q

Which of the following medications is indicated to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Fosamax
Folic acid
Flomax
Flonase

A

Flomax

146
Q

The use of Viagra and nitroglycerin in combination can cause

A

Hypotension

147
Q

What class of anti-diarrheal medication does Lomotil belong to?

A

Antimotility agent

148
Q

Which of the following is a common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease in women?
HPV
Gonorrhea
Trichomonas
Candida albicans

A

Gonorrhea

149
Q

A scopolamine patch is used to treat

A

Nausea and vomiting

150
Q

What’s the severe impairment or total lack of kidney function called?

A

Renal failure

151
Q

What virus is known to cause cervical cancer?

A

HPV

152
Q

Which of the following medications is used to treat symptoms associated with overactive bladder?

A

Detrol

153
Q

Bisacodyl is used to treat

A

Constipation

154
Q

What’s the condition where endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus?

A

Endometriosis

155
Q

Which of the following is an infection of the urinary bladder?
Nephritis
Urethritis
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis

A

Cystitis

156
Q

What’s the generic name for Flagyl?

A

Metronidazole

157
Q

Simethicone (Mylicon) is mainly used to treat

A

Flatulence

158
Q

What’s the inability to completely empty the bladder called ?

A

Retention

159
Q

BPH

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

160
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Hyperplasia, or hypergenesis, is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation

161
Q

cell proliferation

A

Cell proliferation is the process by which a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells

162
Q
A

Body Systems and Medical Terminology 1 & 2 (10 decks)

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