REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
Gametes
The germ or “seed” cells
Female gametes
Ovum (ova plural) / egg
Male gametes
Spermatoza/ sperm
Gametes produced in?
Gonads
Female gonads
Ovaries
Male gonads
Testes
Primary sex characteristics
Directly related to the growth and function of the reproductive system itself
Secondary sex characteristics
Refer to those “masculine” and “feminine” body features, such as beard growth and breast development
Fertilization
The fusing of ovum and sperm
Gender differentation begins at what fetal age?
2 month
How do ova and sperm cells differ from other body cells?
They carry only half the usual number of chromosomes.
External male genitalia
Penis
Scrotum
Internal male genitalia
Testes
Duct system
Accessory glands
The specialty area of medicine that treats male urinary and reproductive disorders is called…..
Urology
The penis is the male sex organ composed of three parts:
Shaft
A tip called the glans
A cuff of skin called the prepuce (or foreskin)
Erection of the penis:
Arteries bring blood into the penis. This pressure squeezes against the veins, preventing blood from going out again. The penis becomes engorged with blood, causing the erectile tissue of the penis to become firm.
Ejaculation
Ejaculation of semen occurs when sexual arousal reaches a peak, known as orgasm
A skin-covered sac called the ______contains two testes (or testicles)
Scrotum
Spermatogenesis
Origin and development of the sperm cells
Spermatozoa
A mature male germ cell (sperm)
Where do the testes originally develop in the embryo?
Abdominal cavity
Testes descend to the scrotum a couple month before birth through which passage?
inguinal canal
Where are the sperm-manufacturing cells are located?
In 250 lobules/ They hold the seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells in the testes produce a class of hormones called….
Androgens
Epididymis
A highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.
16-foot-long tube coiled tightly into a two-inch space along the length of the testicle
Which part of the sperm contains the genetic material?
The “head region”
The tail of the semen is called?
Flagellum
Each ejaculation of semen contains approximately how many sperm?
300 million
(Male reproductive) The duct system includes four parts:
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Urethra
Ejaculatory ducts
The epididymis performs two functions:
Storing sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules
Continuing to develop the sperm
vas deferens (ductus deferens)
Firm, hollow tube that carries sperm straight through the spermatic cord.
The seminal fluids contained in semen are secreted by the
accessory sex glands
Seminal fluid consists of?
Proteins
Minerals
Fructose
Enzymes
Mucus
Citric acid
The main accessory glands of the male reproductive system include?
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Cowper’s glands
Seminal fluid comes from?
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Cowper’s glands (Bulbourethral glands)
Erectile dysfunction (ED)/Impotence
An inability to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse.
Causes for ED/Impotence
Physical:
- Disease
- Injury
- Side effects of certain medications
Psychological:
- Depression
- Stress
- Fear of sexual failure
Diseases that may cause erectile dysfunction include:
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Abnormal hormone production
Medications such as beta blockers and antidepressants
Impotence
Any male condition that interferes with reproduction.
Besides ED, other forms of it include ejaculation problems, low sperm count, or lack of sexual desire.
Medications used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED):
Sildenafil citrate (Viagra)
Vardenafil (Levitra)
Tadalafil (Cialis)
Avanafil (Stendra)
All of these medications can cause hypotension.
Patients taking bp mediction should avoid taking these medicatons.
Sildenafil and vardenafil are taken…?
30 -60 minutes prior to sexual activity
Lasts up to 4 hours
Tadalafil is longer-acting and lasts up to ?
36 hours
Avanafil is faster-acting, usually taken ______before sexual activity?
15-30 minuts prior
Priapism
Disorder in which an erection persists for more than four hours without stimulation.
Treatment Priapism
Aspiration of blood from the penis
Medications such as phenylephrine and surgical interventions when necessary.
Priapism causes
Can be caused by certain medications, such as the drugs given for erectile dysfunction. It can also be caused by the use of some recreational drugs, such as cocaine.
Untreated, this condition can cause ….
Damage to blood vessels in the penis, blood clotting, and ischemia (restriction of blood supply), which can lead to gangrene. Priapism generally requires emergency room admission.
What is the largest cell in the human body?
The ovum
A female is born with ____ immature sex cells.
1 million
How many ova (eggs) will be released during puberty and menopause ?
350-500
Usually, only one ovum a month leaves the ovary and travels down the fallopian tube, where it may meet up with a sperm. This process is called
Ovulation
At times, more than one ovum may be released, especially when using certain fertility treatments; the fertilization of two ova will result in
fraternal or dizygotic twins
If one ovum is fertilized and splits to form two embryos, it will result in
identical twins
How long does sperm live?
About 48 hours after ejaculation.
How long do ova live?
24 hours after ovulation
When does intercourse need to occur for fertilization to occur?
1 day before ovulation
On the day of ovulation
1 day after ovulation
The medical specialty that treats the female reproductive system actually has two components called
obstetrics and gynecology.
The obstetrics component deals with
Pregnancy and childbirth
The gynecologic component deals with
Diseases and illnesses of the female reproductive tract.
The female reproductive organs include the:
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Acessory glands
Menstruation
the process of discarding old tissue so that fresh ones can be prepared for the next potential embryo.
The ovaries are located….
On each side of the uterus.
Ovaries contain thousands of tiny sacs called…
Graafian follicles
Ovulation
After the onset of puberty, once a month, a Graafian follicle ruptures and a mature ovum leaves the ovary for the journey down the fallopian tube.
The ruptured follicle transforms into a yellow, glandular structure called the
corpus luteum
What produces progesterone?
Corpus luteum
Progesterone
Stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.
Provides the proper environment for a fetus.
If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the corpus luteum stops producing progesterone and decays, forming a mass of scar tissue.
Beginning at puberty, the ovaries start secreting the female sex hormone
Estrogen
Causes the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics that shape a woman’s body to develop?
Estrogen
Menarche
Female’s first menstrual cycle
High levels of progesterone and estrogen in the bloodstream during pregnancy cause …..
the pituitary to shut off production of FSH and LH, which stops ovulation.
Birth control bills contain……to trick the pituitary into stopping ovulation?
Estrogen and/or progesterone
Oviducts
Fallopian tubes
Each fallopian tube curves around the edge of the ovary. Its fingerlike fringed edges, called….?
Fimbriae
Fimbriae function?
Catch the released ovum
Infundibulum
A funnel-shaped cavity or structure.
Ex: fallopian tbe curves around ovary.
Peristalsis
Is a rhythmic squeezing and relaxing motion of muscles.
Gentle, wave-like movement that propels forward.
What moves the ovum forward once in the fallopian tube?
Peristalsis of the fallopian tube, combined with the sweeping movement of hairs called cilia, moves the ovum forward toward the next portion of the fallopian tube called ampulla.
Ampulla
the longest and widest portion of the fallopian tube between the infundibulum and the isthmus of the tube.
Isthmus
The section of the fallopian tubes that enters the uterus
If the ovum is fertilized, it will continue on through the_________, exit into the uterus through the intramural oviduct, and attach itself in the uterine wall.
Isthmus
Thin, skin-like outer layer of uterine tissue is called the
perimetrium
The middle layer is the muscular part, called the
myometrium
The inner lining of the uterus,__________ is a mucous membrane with a rich supply of blood vessels. This layer has two parts:
endometrium
The two part of the endometrium
basal endometrium
functional endometrium
basal endometrium
stays in place all the time
functional endometrium
develops to prepare for pregnancy, then sloughs away at the end of the menstrual cycle
The rounded, upper portion of the uterus where the fallopian tubes enter is the
Fundus
the large center part of the uterus is called the ?
Corpus or Body
(Uterus) The rounded bulb at the bottom that protrudes into the innermost position of the vagina?
Cervix
Location Vagina
Between Anus and Urethra
Function of Vagina
Passage for the entry of sperm and the exit of menstrual fluid and babies
Bartholin’s glands, also called greater vestibular glands …..
Secrete mucus-like fluid from duct orifices on either side of the vagina. They’re analogous to the bulbourethral or Cowper’s glands in the male.
Female breast size is determined by the amount of…..
Adipose tissue (fat) that surrounds the actual mammary glands (milk-secreting glands).
The mammary gland starts secreting milk….
three days after parturition (childbirth).
Colostrum
Athin, yellow fluid containing protein and lactose (milk sugar) but little fat.
Which hormone stimulates the production of milk?
Prolactin (released by pituitary
Which hormone releases the milk from the glands?
Oxytocin
The milk-secreting tissue is made up of _____ lobes that converge at the nipple?
15-20 lobes
The medical name for the nipple is
Mammary papilla
The pigmented area surrounding the nipple is the
Areola
Ovulation generally occurs once every _____days, although the length of this cycle varies among females.
28 days
The menstrual cycle repeats itself how many times per year?
13 times
The four phase of the menstrual cycle:
- Menstrual phase
- Follicular or Proliferative stage
- Ovulation phase
- Luteal phase or secretory phase
Menstrual Phase
The first day of a woman’s period counts as the first day of her menstrual cycle.
Uterus sheds the functional endometrium because there was no fertilized ovum to implant. Normal time range 3-7 days.
Follicular or Proliferative stage
A Graafian follicle grows an ovum to maturity, and estrogen signals the basal endometrium to start growing a new function endometrium.
The cervix starts to produce less-acidic mucus that will actually assist the sperm in their journey to the fallopian tube. This phase lasts 6-12 days.
Ovulation phase
Lasts one or two days/ typically occurs midway through the cycle.
When the ovum has nearly matured, the estrogen level is high enough to trigger the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH). This causes the ovary to release the ovum. Ovum then enters the fallopian tube and awaits fertilization by the sperm. If fertilized, the ovum will immediately begin to develop, still moving through the fallopian tube. It will take about three days to implant into the endometrium.
Luteal phase, or Secretory phase
Dominated by the corpus luteum, the “yellow body” created when the ovum left the ovary. The corpus luteum produces hormones to make the endometrium receptive to implantation and early pregnancy.
During this phase, a woman’s body temperature increases. After ovulation, the hormones FSH and LH sustain the corpus luteum. If the egg is fertilized, the resultant embryo will produce the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which can support the corpus luteum instead of LH. If the LH is too low and there’s no embryo to produce HCG, the corpus luteum stops producing hormones to prepare the body for pregnancy. This will be the signal for the endometrium to slough off, starting the cycle all over again. This final phase lasts about two weeks.
Zygote
Fertilized egg cell
Embryo
As soon as zygote divides itself into two cells.
By the time the embryo implants itself on the uterine wall a few days later, it’s a cluster of ________cells
16
When does an embryo have brain and spinal cord?
After 4 weeks
When do we start referring to an unborn child as fetus?
After 2 month
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is produced by the ….?
embryo and sustains the corpus luteum in place of LH.
It’s also the identifying hormone in urine tests for pregnancy.
Menopause
The cessation of menstruation.
Menopause usually occurs between the ages of 45 to 55, but it can occur earlier or later. Menopause that occurs before age 35 is considered “premature”. If it occurs after age 58, it’s considered “delayed”.
Endometriosis
A condition where the endometrium (the innermost layer of the uterus) grows out of the uterus. The exact cause of endometriosis is unknown. Some women may have this condition without any symptoms, while others may experience symptoms such as pain during menstruation or during sexual intercourse.
Endometriosis may also interfere with fertility. In younger women who wish to have children, hormone therapy is given as a treatment.
Depending on the severity of the condition, the offending tissues may be removed in surgery and a complete hysterectomy performed to prevent a recurrence.
Medications that are also useful to treat endometriosis include:
Danazol (Danocrine)
Nafarelin (Synarel)
Lupron Depot
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Is characterized by inflammation of the cervix (cervicitis), uterus (endometritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), ovaries (oophoritis), and sometimes the connective tissues of the uterus (parametritis). Abdominal pain, fever, and vaginal discharge of pus are all symptoms of PID. The most common cause of PID is gonorrhea
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Endometritis
Inflammation of the uterus
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the fallopian tubes
Oophoritis
Inflamation of the ovaries
Parametritis
inflammation of the connective tissues of the uterus
Most common cause of PID
Gonorrhea
Leukorrhea
whitish-yellowish discharge
Trichomonas parasite and a fungus named Candida albicans are common causes of ….?
Vaginitis
Infection with Trichomonas results in…..symptoms?
foul-smelling, whitish-yellowish discharge, or leukorrhea, which in turn causes itching, burning, and soreness in the vaginal area.
Candidiasis
Yeast infection
Causes a clumpy discharge and intense itching, termed pruritus vulvae.
Pruritus
Itching
Genital herpes is caused by…..
herpes simplex virus
Symptoms of genital herpes
blisters around the genitals that can break and leave sore ulcers. These ulcers may take two to four weeks to heal at first. The infection can stay in the body indefinitely, but outbreaks tend to become fewer and less severe over the years
Medications useful in treating genital herpes include:
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Famciclovir (Famvir)
Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Very common virus that most people come into contact with at some time during their lives. This virus causes genital warts in both men and women as well as cervical cancer in women. Treatment involves application of acid or liquid nitrogen to destroy the warts.
There are vaccines available to prevent HPV infection in both men and women. The best time to get these vaccines is before becoming sexually active. Vaccines like Gardasil and Cervarix can prevent genital warts and cervical cancer.
Gonorrhea
Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Men receive more symptoms, such as dysuria (painful urination) and discharge of pus from the penis. Although women may also have dysuria and vaginal discharge, the symptoms are typically milder than those in men. Gonorrhea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility in women if left untreated. Gonorrhea can be diagnosed with tests that detect the bacterial genes in urethral or cervical swab samples.
Treatment involves antibiotics
Syphilis
Infection caused by Treponema pallidum. The initial sign is a genital sore called a chancre. Chronic infection can affect the vertebrae, heart, and central nervous system.
Again, treatment involves antibiotics; refer to the Medications to treat Reproductive System infections list of commonly used antibiotics.
Medications to treat Reproductive System infections list of commonly used antibiotics.
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Famciclovir (Famvir)
Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
Chlamydia
Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Signs of infection include painful urination and penile or vaginal discharge; symptoms are more prominent in men. Like gonorrhea, this STD can cause PID and infertility in women. Chlamydia can also be diagnosed with new tests that detect the bacterial genes in a urethral or cervical swab sample. Treatment is with antibiotics; refer to the Medications to Treat Reproductive Infections Table for the list of commonly used antibiotics.
Trichomoniasis vaginalis
An infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginitis. Symptoms for women include vaginal discharge, burning, and itching; men usually have no symptoms. Treatment is with antibiotics; refer to the Medications to Treat Reproductive System Infections table for the list of commonly used antibiotics.
Chronic use of _____ can lead to PUD.
Aspirin
The generic name of Colace is
Docusate
Pantoprazole is the generic name for
Protonix
Zidovudine, didanosine, and abacavir are medications commonly used to treat
HIV
Which of the following medications is used to treat pain associated with UTI?
Oxybutynin
Ciprofloxacin
Tamsulosin
Pyridium
Pyridium
Ciprofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of
UTI
Which of the following medications is indicated to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Fosamax
Folic acid
Flomax
Flonase
Flomax
The use of Viagra and nitroglycerin in combination can cause
Hypotension
What class of anti-diarrheal medication does Lomotil belong to?
Antimotility agent
Which of the following is a common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease in women?
HPV
Gonorrhea
Trichomonas
Candida albicans
Gonorrhea
A scopolamine patch is used to treat
Nausea and vomiting
What’s the severe impairment or total lack of kidney function called?
Renal failure
What virus is known to cause cervical cancer?
HPV
Which of the following medications is used to treat symptoms associated with overactive bladder?
Detrol
Bisacodyl is used to treat
Constipation
What’s the condition where endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus?
Endometriosis
Which of the following is an infection of the urinary bladder?
Nephritis
Urethritis
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Cystitis
What’s the generic name for Flagyl?
Metronidazole
Simethicone (Mylicon) is mainly used to treat
Flatulence
What’s the inability to completely empty the bladder called ?
Retention
BPH
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia, or hypergenesis, is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation
cell proliferation
Cell proliferation is the process by which a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells
