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Body Systems and Medical Terminology 1 & 2 > Respiratory and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Respiratory and Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The Respiratory System is also called …

A

The Pulmonary System

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2
Q

Main function of the respiratory system

A

Supply oxygen to the body’s cells and remove carbon dioxide.

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3
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resucitation

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4
Q

External respiration

A

When you breathe in, oxygen is brought into the lungs for the blood to pick up.
When you breathe out, you blow out carbon dioxide that has moved from the blood to the lungs.

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5
Q

Internal Respiration (Cellular Respiration)

A

Is parallel to the process involved in external respiration, but conducted at the cellular level.

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6
Q

Procces of Internal Respiration

A

After blood passing through the lungs picks up oxygen, the heart pumps the blood to the rest of the body.
The oxygen passes through the capillary walls and into the interstitial space, where the cells absorb the oxygen.
The cells release carbon dioxide as a byproduct of metabolism.
This carbon dioxide waste is picked up by the bloodstream and carried to the lungs for expiration.

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7
Q

The respiratory system is comprised of…

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Diaphragm
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8
Q

Two main jobs of the nose

A
  1. Provides out bodies with warm, moistened oxygen.
  2. Holds the olfactory nerve that enables us to smell.
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9
Q

Inspiration

A

The movement of air into the lungs

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10
Q

The advantage of breathing through the nose:

A
  • Warms, moistens, and filters air
    (External nares are lined with mucous membranes and short, coarse hairs (cilia) that filter out foreign particles.
    Mucus kills some germs and stops the growth of others.
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11
Q

Pharynx

A

Multipurpose tube leading from the back of the nose and mouth, down to the trachea (windpipe) and to the esophagus.
It allows air to reach your lungs and food to reach your stomach.

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12
Q

Larynx

A

Located between the pharynx and trachea. It’s also called the voice box because it houses the vocal cords.
Vocal cords are though bands of ligamentous tissue that vibrate to produce speech.
The size and tightness of the vocal cords determine the sound of your voice.

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13
Q

Glottis

A

The space between the vocal cords

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14
Q

Epiglottis

A

A leaf-shaped flap on top of the larynx, is responsible for sealing off the airway to the lungs when you swallow food or water.

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15
Q

Trachea

A

A long, hollow, smooth muscle tube that runs down the chest in front of the esophagus.
The trachea separates the upper respiratory system (above the neck) from the lower respiratory system (below the neck).
Those who are severely ill, undergoing surgery, or in an emergency situation can receive continuous, artificial ventilation by having a mechanical ventilator connected directly to the trachea- either through the mouth or by puncturing the skin in the neck area.
The ventilator then pushes and pulls air in and out of the lungs to continue supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
The trachea branches off into two main bronchi, and then the bronchi branch off to several bronchioles.

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16
Q

Bronchi (singular bronchus)

A

Lead to the right and left lungs.
After entering the lungs, the bronchi continue branching into smaller and smaller airways.
The smallest ones are called bronchioles.

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17
Q

alveoli (plural)
alveolus (singular)

A

The bronchioles open out into balloon-like pouches
Each alveolus (singular) expands and contracts with each inhalation or exhalation of air.

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18
Q

Capillary beds

A

contain the smallest blood vessels of the lungs, and they lie next to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli.
Here, oxygen from the alveoli combines with hemoglobin, a protein in the red blood cells, and is carried to all parts of the body.
At the same time, carbon dioxide is transferred to the alveoli to be discarded by the body when you breathe out.

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19
Q

Right Lung…

A

Divided into three lobes.
Accommodates the liver.

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20
Q

Left lung…

A

Divided into two lobes.
Has a notch in it to accommodate the heart.

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21
Q

Heart and lungs are protected by…

A

Chest wall.

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22
Q

Diaphragm

A

Sits at the bottom of the lungs.
Each breath initiated by movement of diaphragm, internal and external intercostal muscles.

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23
Q

Upper respiratory system includes

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
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24
Q

Lower respiratory system includes

A
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Lungs
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25
Q

Asthma

A

A chronic lower respiratory disease. It involves airway obstruction due to inflammation.
Is triggered by many things, including exercise, allergens, or cold weather.

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26
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD

A

the progressive inflammation and destruction of the lungs. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. It can also be caused by long-term exposure to contaminants, such as chemical fumes.
There are two main conditions associated with COPD: emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis.
Emphysema is a condition in which the walls between the alveoli are damaged and become floppy.
Chronic obstructive bronchitis is a condition in which the airway linings are thickened because of chronic irritation.
Most people with COPD have both conditions, which is why they’re combined in the COPD diagnosis.

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27
Q

Emphysema

A

a condition in which the walls between the alveoli are damaged and become floppy

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28
Q

Chronic obstructive bronchitis

A

A condition in which the airway linings are thickened because of chronic irritation.

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29
Q

Main symptoms of asthma and COPD

A

Difficulty in breathing

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30
Q

COPD and asthma are treated with

A

Same medications.
The best treatment option for sudden onset asthma symptoms is using a metered dose inhaler, or MDI, which provides a single dose of medication in a pressurized burst.

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31
Q

Respiratory system diseases are divided into

A

Upper and lower respiratory disorders

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32
Q

Upper respiratory disorders

A

Cold
Flu

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33
Q

Lower respiratory disorders

A

Asthma
COPD
Bronchitis
Pneumonia

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34
Q

Common Cold

A

Viral disease
Highly contagious
Treated with medication for symptom management.

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35
Q

The symptoms of the common cold include:

A

Scratchy or sore throat
Nasal congestion, sneezing, sniffling, or runny nose
Chest congestion
Cough (productive or nonproductive)
Body aches
Tiredness
Fever (most common in children)

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36
Q

Decongestants

A
  • Used to dry excessive mucus and open up the nasal passageway.
  • Most are OTC
  • Side effects dryness of mouth and wakefulness
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37
Q

Common decongestant medications

A
  • Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
  • Phenylephrine (Sudafed PE)
  • Oxymetazoline (Afrin)- nasal drops
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38
Q

Antihistamines

A

Treat symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat.
Antihistamines are classified as first generation and second generation.

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39
Q

First-generation antihistamines

A

Target more general receptors in the central nervous system and have more side effects than second generation antihistamines.

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40
Q

Examples of first-generation antihistamines are:

A

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril)
Brompheniramine (Bromax)
Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton)
Azelastine (Astelin)- Nasal spray

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41
Q

Second-Generation Antihistamines

A

Known to cause fewer side effects of dizziness, drowsiness and dry mouth.
Taken only once or twice daily.

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42
Q

Examples of second-generation antihistamines are:

A

Fexofenadine (Allegra)
Loratadine (Claratin)
Desloratadine (Clarinex)- disintegrating tablet
Cetirizine (Zyrtec)

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43
Q

Cough suppressant medications act …..

A

On the central nervous system to suppress the urge to cough

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44
Q

Expectorants

A

Help bring out the mucus

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45
Q

Some examples of commonly used cough medications are:

A

Dextromethorphan (Delsym) - cough suppressant
Guaifenesin (Robitussin)- expectorant
Benzonatate (Tessalon)
Hydrocodone-homatropine (Hycodan)
Promethazine/dextromethorphan (Phenergan)

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46
Q

Pain & Fever Medications

A

Used to treat body pain, lethargy and fever.
Examples:
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
Naproxen (Aleve)

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47
Q

Aspirin

A

Pain and fever reducer, but not commonly recommended due to the risk of bleeding and developing gastric ulcers.
Aspirin isn’t recommended for children due to the risk of a rare but dangerous disease called Reye’s syndrome.

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48
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

An acute condition that causes swelling in the brain (encephalopathy) and liver (hepatitis).

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49
Q

Other Treatments for cold symptoms are:

A

Plenty of fluids to help treat the side effects of cold medications and loosen mucus
Rest until symptoms resolve and the cold virus runs its course (five to seven days)
Vitamin C and zinc to boost the immune system and help prevent frequent cold infections.
Eucalyptus and other herbal medications to help relieve cold symptoms

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50
Q

Influenza (Flu)

A

Viral infection (doesn’t respond to antibiotics)
Can cause life threatening complications.
More severe symptoms than the cold (fever, dehydration)
Can lead to pneumonia and hospitalization

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51
Q

Who should receive seasonal flu vaccine?

A

The elderly
Children
Pregnant women
People with chronic diseases
People with compromised immune systems
Healthy adults living with high-risk people
Healthy adults caring for high-risk people

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52
Q

Antiviral as flu treatment…

A

Can shorten the length of an illness or reduce the severity of the symptoms.
Antivirals must be taken within 36 to 48 hours of the start of symptoms

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53
Q

Examples of antiviral medication:

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Zanamivir (Relenza) inhaler

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54
Q

Beta-2 receptor agonists

A

(meaning these medications enhance the effect of beta-2 receptors) act similarly in the lungs to cause smooth muscle relaxation. There are two kinds of beta-agonist inhalers- short acting and long acting.

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55
Q

Short-acting beta-agonist inhalers are used to

A

provide quick relief.

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56
Q

Some examples of short-acting inhalers are:

A

Albuterol HFA
Levalbuterol (Xopenex)
Pirbuterol (Maxair)

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57
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline

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58
Q

Example of epineephrine use:

A

Severe allergic reaction- associated airway obstruction.
People who are allergic to such things as nuts, bee stings, or latex will often carry an epinephrine auto-injector for emergency situations.

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59
Q

Long-acting beta-agonist inhalers

A

Have a slower onset of action, but provide relief for a longer period and are used as maintenance therapy in combination with steroid inhalers.
Steroid medications simply produce an anti-inflammatory effect in the lungs.

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60
Q

examples of long-acting inhalers are:
First drug listed in the combination of inhalers is the long-acting beta agonist and the second drug is the steroid.

A

Salmeterol/fluticasone (Advair)
Formoterol/budesonide (Symbicort)
Vilanterol/ fluticasone(BREO Ellipta)

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61
Q

Anticholinergic medications

A

Used to prevent constriction of the smooth muscle surrounding airways. These medications are mainly used as a long-term therapy of COPD, but ipratropium may also be used to treat immediate relief of asthma symptoms. These medications are also available as inhalers.

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62
Q

Examples of anticholinergic medications are:

A

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
Tiotropium (Spiriva)
Side effects of these medications are dry mouth, nausea, and a metallic taste in the mouth.

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63
Q

Corticosteroid medications

A

Used as maintenance therapy to reduce airway obstruction by decreasing inflammation.
It takes 2-3 weeks for these medications to exert some effect, and it may take from 6-8 weeks for maximum symptom relief.

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64
Q

Examples of steroid inhalers are:

A

Budesonide (Pulmicort)
Fluticasone (Flovent)
Mometasone (Asmanex)
Side effects of the steroid inhalers include a sore throat, a bad taste in the mouth, and thrush (a fungal infection).

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65
Q

Some examples of oral/injectable corticosteroids are:

A

Prednisone (Deltasone)
Prednisolone (OMNIPRED)
Dexamethasone (Maxidex)
Methylprednisolone (Medrol)

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66
Q

Leukotriene modifiers

A

Work by producing bronchodilation to improve allergy or asthma symptoms.

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67
Q

Examples of leukotriene modifiers are:

A

Montelukast (Singulair)
Zafirlukast (Accolate)

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68
Q

Bronchitis

A

Is the acute or chronic inflammation and/or infection of the mucus membranes of the bronchial passages of the respiratory tract. The main symptom of acute bronchitis is a cough lasting more than 5-7 days.

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69
Q

Bronchitis treatments

A

Treatment is targeted for symptom relief. On the other hand, chronic bronchitis patients with a productive cough that persists for several months may need further evaluation to possibly diagnose asthma or COPD.
Patients commonly use acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and naproxen to treat pain and reduce inflammation. Patients can use guaifenesin and dextromethorphan to relieve coughing.

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70
Q

Respiratory Rate

A

The number of breaths a person takes over a certain amount of time

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71
Q

Breathing

A

The act of inhaling and exhaling air via the nose or mouth

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72
Q

Exhalation

A

The act of releasing air out during breathing

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73
Q

Inspiration

A

The act of movement of air into the lungs

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74
Q

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

A

The act of providing mechanical compressions of the chest cavity and artificial ventilation to restore circulation and breathing in an emergency situation

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75
Q

Contagious

A

Easily transmitted or spread from one person to another

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76
Q

Inflammation

A

Another name for swelling

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77
Q

Vaccine

A

A biological preparation or medication that provides immunity against a specific disease-causing pathogen

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78
Q

Immunity

A

The body’s ability to produce antibodies against foreign pathogens

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79
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger produced by various glands that directs and controls various body functions

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80
Q

Metabolism

A

The set of various processes happening in the body cells to produce energy and eliminate waste

81
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

A body system that monitors hormone levels and triggers more hormone production if it detects a low hormone level

82
Q

Stimulus

A

An agent, act, or environmental effect that triggers the body to respond in a certain way

83
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Decreased secretions of certain hormones within the body

84
Q

Electrolyte

A

A substance that breaks up into ions when dissolved in water

85
Q

Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) or Inhaler

A

A device filled with medication that’s used to administer a fixed amount of medication per inhalation through the mouth. Medication contained in the inhaler can be in powder or aerosol for

86
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

A disease in which the body produces an immune response that acts against the body itselfAutoimmune Disease

87
Q

The endocrine system is composed of

A
  • thyroid glands
  • parathyroid glands
  • pituitary glands
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • gonads
  • pineal glands.
88
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine glands?

A

To produce hormones.

89
Q

Hormone comes from the Greek word meaning :

A

“impulse” or “to urge on”.

90
Q

the hormone prolactin “urges” the….

A

mammary glands to secrete milk

91
Q

insulin “urges” blood cells to..

A

Take on glucose

92
Q

The endocrine glands are regulated by two systems:

A

positive feedback and negative feedback.

93
Q

Positive Feedback :

A

System is activated by a stimulus (baby sucking stimulates system to release prolactin stimulating mammary glands)

94
Q

Negative feedback

A

Acts like a thermostat. Opposite to the stimulus.
If there’s too much stimulus the gland stops or slows production.
If there’s too little stimulation the gland increases production.

95
Q

Some hormones are also controlled directly by the

A

Nervous system
(ex: adrenaline release by adrenal gland)

96
Q

Fight or Flight hormone

A

Adrenaline

97
Q

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine function?

A

Regulate metabolism in body cells.

98
Q

Calcitonin function?

A

Stimulates the passage of calcium from the blood to the bones.

99
Q

Insulin function?

A

Regulates the transport of glucose to the body’s cells.

100
Q

Glucagon function?

A

Increases blood sugar by causing a conversion of glycogen to glucose.

101
Q

Cortisol (glucocorticoid) function?

A

Regulates the quantities of sugars, fats, and proteins in the cells.

102
Q

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) function?

A

Regulates the amount of salt in the body

103
Q

Estrogen and testosterone (gonadocorticoids) function?

A

Maintain secondary sex characteristics

104
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline, norepinephrine) function?

A

Mimics the sympathetic nervous system’s response.

105
Q

Parathyroid hormones function?

A

Regulate calcium in the blood

106
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) function?

A

Promotes ovulation.

107
Q

Prolactin (PRL) function?

A

Promotes growth of breast tissue and milk secretion.

108
Q

Growth hormone (GH; somatotropin) function?

A

Increases bone and
tissue growth

109
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) function?

A

Increases pigmentation
of the skin.

110
Q

Gonadotropins (Follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH) function?

A

Simulates the growth of eggs and ovarian hormone secretion.

111
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) function?

A

Stimulate secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex, especially cortisol.

112
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) function?

A

Stimulates production of thyroxine and growth of the thyroid gland.

113
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) function?

A

Stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules.

114
Q

Oxytocin function?

A

Stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth

115
Q

Testosterone function?

A

Promotes growth and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics in the male.

116
Q

Estradiol function?

A

Develops and maintains secondary sex characteristics in the female.

117
Q

Progesterone function?

A

Prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy.

118
Q

The largest of the endocrine glands is the…

A

Thyroid gland

119
Q

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

A

2

120
Q

Thyroid gland also called what in men?

A

Adam’s apple

121
Q

What are the three thyroid hormones?

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
122
Q

Calcitonin vs Parathyroid hormone?

A

Calcitonin removes calcium from the blood stream
Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels in the blood.

123
Q

Where are the adrenal glands (sometimes called suprarenal glands) located?

A

On top of the kidneys

124
Q

What are the adrenal glands composed of ?

A

Outer adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla

125
Q

Adrenal Cortex releases:

A

Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)
Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)
Estrogen and testosterone (Gonadocorticoids)

126
Q

Adrenal medulla nickname?

A

The emergency gland

127
Q

Adrenal medulla releases?

A
  • Epinephrine or adrenaline
  • Norepinephrine or noradrenaline
128
Q

Androgens (produced in adrenal glands)

A

Produce small amounts of testosterone and even smaller amount of estrogen. Little efffect on male body but adrenal adrogens stimulate sex drive in females.

129
Q

Physiological effects of epinephrine?

A

increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output.
Dilation of the bronchial tubules to increase oxygen intake
Elevation of blood-sugar level.

130
Q

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) physiological effects?

A
  • Dilates vessels to brain, muscles & heart.
  • Constricts blood vessels leading to nonessential organs in emergency (ex: skin)
    Also neurotransmitter thus heightening ablility to think quickly and clearly during emergency.
131
Q

Pancreas function?

A

Digestive organ behind the stomach.
Secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes for the digestion of carbs protein and fats.
Pancreatic Islets secrete insulin and glucagon.

132
Q

Other name of pancreatic islets?

A

Islets of Langerhans

133
Q

What gland is referred to as “the master gland” ?

A

Pituitary Gland

134
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Within the skull in a pocket of bone known as Sella turcica
Above the nasal cavity and below the brain.
(Below the hypothalamus)

135
Q

Which part of the brain signals the pituitary gland to secrete hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

136
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior lobe (adenohypohysis) and Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

137
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland made of ?

A

Glandular epithelial tissue.

138
Q

Hyperthyroidism :

A
  • Release of too much thyroid hormone.
  • Results from syndrome called thyrotoxicosis (Graves’ disease)
139
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidsm (Graves’ disease)

A
  • Tremors or shakiness
  • Palpitations
  • Weakness
  • Weight loss
  • Insomnia
  • Increased heart rate
  • Sweating
  • Protrusion of the eyeballs
140
Q

Treatment for Hyperthyroidsm/ Grave’s disease

A

Radioactive iodine is a commonly used treatment for hyperthyroidism. Thyroid cells are the only cells that absorb iodine, so there’s no ill effect of the radioactive iodine on other cells of the body.
Once thyroid cells absorb radioactive iodine, they’re either damaged or killed. The body then eliminates the iodine by excretion.

Surgical removal of the enlarged gland with or without iodine is another treatment option for hyperthyroidism.
The surgery is called thyroidectomy.
Patients often require thyroid replacement therapy after surgery.

141
Q

Medications to treat hyperthyroidism include:

A

Methimazole (Tapazole)
Propulthiouracil (PTU)

142
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

disorder that causes the release of too little thyroid hormone. Underproduction of thyroxine or thyroid hormone slows down the body’s metabolism. Hypothyroidism will often cause an increased level of TSH due to a low level of thyroid hormone in the blood. (Remember the negative feedback system). Hypothyroidism is a chronic disease that occurs more commonly in women.

143
Q

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A
  • Mental and physical sluggishness
  • Obesity
  • Enlargement of the tongue
  • Swelling of the lips and nose
  • Sensitivity to cold
  • Muscle weakness
144
Q

Treatment for hypthyroidism is

A

Thyroid hromone replacement
- Levothyroxine (Levoxyl, Sythroid, Levothroid)
- Thyroid (Armour Thyroid)

145
Q

Goiter

A

Disease characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, causing swelling of the neck.
A goiter can be caused by either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
Most patients with a goiter are asymptomatic with the exception of airway obstruction, difficulty swallowing, and a hoarse voice due to the enlarged gland.

146
Q

Treatment goiter

A

Surgical removal- the patient will need thyroid replacement therapy after surgery- and radioactive iodine.

147
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Adrenal gland disorder caused by a hyperactive adrenal gland. In most cases hyperactivity is the result of too much ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland.

148
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome Symptoms

A

Weight gain
Susceptibility to bruises
Hypertension
Diabetes
Weakness

149
Q

Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Mitotane (Lysodren)
Cyproheptadine (Periactin)
Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
Surgical removal of tumor of the pituitary or adrenal gland

150
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Is due to abnormally low levels of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. This disease may result from steroid abuse or from an autoimmune disease.

151
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

Electrolyte imbalance
Weight loss
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Muscle weakness and pain
Hypotension

152
Q

Treatment of Addison’s Disease

A

Replacement of adrenal hormones.
- Hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef)
- Fludocortisone (Florinef)

153
Q

Diabetes

A

Deficiency or decreased production of insulin by the pancreas.

154
Q

Three types of diabetes:

A

Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes.

155
Q

Normal fasting blood sugar level in healthy individuals should be less than?

A

100 milligrams per deciliter.

156
Q

A test that measures average blood sugar levels over a two-to- three month period is called?

A

Hemoglobin A1C
A normal A1C level for healthy individuals is 4 to 6.2 percent.

157
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes include:

A
  • Feeling very thirsty all the time
  • Frequent urination
  • Extreme fatigue or tiredness
  • Weight loss
  • Blurred vision
  • Tingling pain or numbness in hands or feet
  • Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
158
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Average time of onset is childhood, specifically 10 years of age or earlier
Sudden onset
Mainly caused by the destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas due to genetic or environmental factors
Accounts for less than 10 percent of all diabetes

159
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Average time of onset in adulthood
Progressive disease
Mainly caused by decreased insulin secretion or development of insulin resistance
Accounts for more than 90 percent of all diabetes

160
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Occurs during pregnancy
If uncontrolled or untreated, may cause birth defects

161
Q

Some of the major complications of uncontrolled diabetes are:

A

Heart disease
Hypertension
Stroke
Nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy)
Blindness (diabetic retinopathy)
Foot ulcers or wounds that don’t heal
Infections of resistant organisms
Amputations (removal of part of a limb)
Kidney failure

162
Q

Lifestyle modifications that can prevent diabetes and avoid chronic complications of the disease:

A

Balanced diet
Decreased consumption of sugars
Exercise
Maintaining healthy weight

163
Q

Treatment of type 1 diabetes ?

A

Insulin injections

164
Q

Treatment of type 2 diabetes?

A

Oral medications
Insulin injections
(also in combination)

165
Q

Metformin

A
  • first line of treatment for type 2 diabetes after lifestyle modifications fail
    Metformin works by increasing glucose uptake in muscles and inhibiting glucose release from the liver.
    It also increases our body’s sensitivity to insulin.
    Metformin causes side effects in the kidney’s, so it generally isn’t the drug of choice for patients with poor kidney function. Metformin doesn’t cause hypoglycemia, contrary to most other oral diabetes medications.
166
Q

Insulin

A

Primary treatment option for type 1 diabetes.
Insulin is administered via the subcutaneous route (injection under the skin).
Insulin can cause severe hypoglycemia, so regular monitoring of blood glucose levels while taking insulin is highly important. Insulin is available in short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting forms.

167
Q

Important Insulin facts:

A

Insulin must be stored in a refrigerator
Insulins are administered via injection under the skin or into the veins.
Once opened or removed from the refrigerator, an insulin vial is only good for 28 days at room temperature
Only administer insulin via an insulin needle.
Insulin is measured in units, not mgs or ml (for ex: 40 units)

168
Q

Short-Acting Insulin

A

Work immediately (5-30 minutes)
Typically used with meals to control increased glucose level with food
Examples: Humulin R, Novolin R, Humalog, Novolog

169
Q

Intermediate-Acting Insulin

A

Work within 2-4 hours
Typically used to control glucose levels throughout the day between meals
Examples: Humulin N, Novolin N, Humalog 70/30

170
Q

Long-Acting Insulin

A

Work within 6-10 hours
Typically used to control glucose levels throughout the day between meals
Examples: Lantus, Levemir

171
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Hypoglycemia is defined as dangerously low levels of blood glucose.

172
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

A

Nervousness
Sweaty palms
Dizziness
Weakness
Tachycardia
Coma (if untreated)

173
Q

Treatments Hypoglycemia

A

Juice consumption
Glucose tablet intake
Glucagon injection
Dextrose 50% injection

174
Q

Cetirizine (Zyrtec) is a

A

second-generation antihistamine

175
Q

Oxygen exchange from air into blood happens in which part of the respiratory system?

A

Alveoli

176
Q

Opened insulin vials must be

A

Stored in a refrigerator

177
Q

Nervousness, dizziness, sweaty palms, and a racing heart are symptoms of

A

hypoglycemia

178
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by the _______ glands.

A

Adrenal

179
Q

The long, hollow, smooth muscle tube that runs down the chest and branches off into left and right bronchi is the

A

Trachea

180
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes

A

oxytocin

181
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Corticosteroids are a class of medication that reduce inflammation. Those used in an inhaler are for maintenance therapy and take longer to work than medications used in a rescue inhaler.

182
Q

Mometasone (Asmanex) is a/an

A

corticosteroid

183
Q

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) is a/an

A

decongestant.

184
Q

Which of the following agents is most effective to treat an acute asthma attack?
Advair
Albuterol
Singulair

A

Albuterol

185
Q

How does Albuterol work?

A

Albuterol causes the smooth muscle in the lungs to relax, leading to an opening of the airways.

186
Q

What’s the brand name for hydrocortisone?

A

Solu-Cortef

187
Q

Solu-Cortef is generally used to….

A

Replace abnormally low adrenal hormones in patients who suffer from Addison’s disease.

188
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the

A

Pituitary gland

189
Q

TSH = thyrotropin function

A

Stimulates the thyroid to produce hormones needed to regulate body metabolism. It’s secreted by the pituitary gland.

190
Q

Allegra is also known as

A

Fexofenadine

191
Q

What is Guaifenesinused (Robitussin) for?

A

To treat cough (expectorant)

192
Q

Metformin has a negative effect on the

A

Kidneys

193
Q

Common symptoms of asthma are

A

wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness

194
Q

Asthma is caused by

A

an inflammation of the bronchi and the creation of mucus, leading to blocking of the airway. Symptoms are wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness.

195
Q

What’s the generic name for Glucotrol?

A

Glipizide

196
Q

Glucotrol (Glipizide) is a

A

sulfonylurea, which increases the amount of insulin released from the pancreas and makes body cells more sensitive to insulin. It can cause a sudden drop in blood sugars, which can be dangerous.

197
Q

Novolin R is a/an _______ insulin.

A

short acting

198
Q

Glimepiride generic for

A

Amaryl (antidiabetic)

199
Q
A

Body Systems and Medical Terminology 1 & 2 (10 decks)

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