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Human Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the Kidneys

A
  • Lower thoracic and upper lumbar region
  • Posterior abdomen behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal)
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2
Q

Paranephric Fat (pararenal fat body)

A

Located external to the renal fascia- the exztraperitoneal fat of the lumbar region most obvious posterior to the kidney

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3
Q

Renal Fascia

A

A membranous layer that encloses the kidneys, suprarenal glands, and perinephric fat, sends collagen bundles through the perinephric fat

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4
Q

Perinephric fat (perirenal fat capsule)

A

Surrounds the kidneys their vessels

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5
Q

Suprarenal Glands

A
  • Positioned between the diaphragm and superomedial aspects of kidneys
  • Enclosed by renal fascia
  • Right gland: contact the liver and IVC
  • Left gland: contacts the stomach, spleen, and pancreas
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6
Q

Surface Anatomy of Kidneys and Ureters

A
  • Lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae
  • Deep to 11th and 12th ribs
  • Kidney levels change during respiration and posture alteration by 2-3 cm vertically
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7
Q

External Anatomy of Kidneys

A

Kidneys lie in the superior lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall in a retroperitoneal position

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8
Q

Each Kidney has?

A

Anterior/posterior surfaces, medial and lateral margins, and superior/inferior poles

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9
Q

Hilum

A

The concave surface of the kidney where vessels and nerves enter and exit

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10
Q

Surgical approach to the kidneys

A

Usually through the posterolateral abdominal wall where the kidneys lie closest to the surface; incisions must be made inferior to T12 to avoid puncturing the pleural cavity

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11
Q

Structures found at the hilum (anterior to posterior)

A
  • Renal vein
  • Renal artery
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter
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12
Q

Superficial Outer Cortex

A

Light in color with a granular appearance and inner medulla (darker)

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13
Q

Medulla

A

Consists of 6+ renal pyramids

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14
Q

What is in the Renal Pyramids?

A

Contain urine-collecting tubules (concentration of urine by removing water)

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15
Q

Cortex

A

Composed of nephrons

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16
Q

Nephrons

A

Responsible for urine production through filtration, resorption, and secretion

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17
Q

What drains into the ureters?

A

Minor and major calices, alongside the renal pelvis

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18
Q

In living persons, the renal pelvis and calicos are?

A

Usually collapsed

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19
Q

Renal Arteries

A

Arise at the IV disk level between L1 and L2; located posterior to the renal veins

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20
Q

Renal Veins

A

The longer left renal vein passes anterior to the aorta; drain into the IVC

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21
Q

The renal arteries divide…

A

Close to the hilum into 5 segmental end arteries

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22
Q

Segmental end arteries

A

Vessels that do not significantly anastomose with other segmental arteries

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23
Q

Renal Segment

A

The area supplied by each segmental artery is an independent, surgically resectable unit

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24
Q

Which renal vein is longer?

A

The left renal vein is longer

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25
Q

Normal kidney function relies on?

A

A large volume of blood flow through the kidneys

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26
Q

Kidney vessels have?

A

Large diameters when compared to surrounding vessels

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27
Q

What two parts do nephrons have?

A
  • Corpuscles
  • Tubules
28
Q

Corpuscle

A

The site of filtration

29
Q

Tubules

A

Responsible for resorption and secretion

30
Q

Each kidney has how many nephrons?

A

More than 1 million

31
Q

The length of the nephron is lined by? Why?

A

Simple epithelium, allows the three processes of urine production (filtration)

32
Q

Cortical Nephron

A
  • Has short nephron loop and glomerulus further from the corticomedullary junction
  • Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
33
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron

A
  • Has long nephron loop and glomerulus closer to the corticomedullary junction
  • Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta
34
Q

The longer nephron loops allow for?

A

The ability to produce a concentrated urine (more resorption/secretion)

35
Q

Urine Excretion

A
  • Urine leaves the collecting system
  • Enters the renal pelvis
  • The remainder of the urinary system transports, stores, and eliminates urine
36
Q

Ureters

A

A pair of muscular ducts extending from the renal pelvis to the bladder (about 25-30 cm)

37
Q

Ureters run…

A
  • Inferomedially along the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
  • Crosses the external iliac artery
  • Run along the lateral wall of the pelvis to enter the bladder
38
Q

Oblique entry into the bladder prevents?

A

The backflow of urine as any increase in pressure within the bladder compresses its wall and closes the distal ureters

39
Q

The ureters are normally constricted in 3 places (potential sites of obstruction by ureteric stones)

A
  1. The junction with the renal pelvis
  2. Site of crossing the pelvic brim
  3. Passage through the bladder wall
40
Q

Urinary Bladder

A
  • A hollow collapsible organ with strong muscular walls composed of the detrusor muscle
  • Retroperitoneal, developed by loose connective tissue, superior surface covered by peritoneum
41
Q

Main parts of the urinary bladder

A
  • Apex (anterior end)
  • Fundus
  • Body (lies between the apex and fundus)
  • Neck
42
Q

Function of Urinary Bladder

A

Stores and expels urine

43
Q

The empty bladder lies within…

A

The lesser pelvis and has the shape of an inverted pyramid

44
Q

As the bladder fills…

A

It ascends superiorly into the extraperitoneal fatty tissue of the anterior abdominal wall and enters the greater pelvis

45
Q

Toward the neck of the male bladder:

A

Muscle fibers form the involuntary internal urethral sphincter

46
Q

Urethra

A
  • A thin-walled tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body
  • Differs in length and function in males and females
47
Q

Female Urethra

A

Short: ~3-4cm in length, 6mm in diameter

48
Q

The female urethra passes from…

A

The internal urethral office of the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice in the vestibule of the vagina; musculature surrounding the internal urethral orifice not organized into an internal sphincter

49
Q

Trigone

A

Smooth triangular region defined by the ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice

50
Q

Male Urethra

A
  • 18-22cm in length
51
Q

The male urethra is divided into 4 regions

A
  • Intramural (preprostatic)
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Intermediate (membranous) urethra
  • Spongy (penile) urethra
52
Q

Intramural (preprostatic)

A

Surrounded by an internal urethral sphincter composed of sympathetically innervated smooth muscle

53
Q

Prostatic Urethra

A

Passes through the prostate gland

54
Q

Intermediate (membranous) urethra

A

Surrounded by the somatically innervated external urethral sphincter

55
Q

Spongy (penile) urethra

A

Passes through the length of the penis

56
Q

UTIs

A

Women may be up to 30x more likely to get them than men
- Length of the urethra (women’s is shorter)
- Placement of urethra (women’s is located closely to anus/rectum)
- Sexual contact
- Sensitive perineum in women
- Contraception (spermicide)

57
Q

Effects of the Sympathetic Stimulation

A
  • Vasoconstriction of renal vessels slows urine formation
  • Internal sphincter of bladder contracted to maintain urinary continence
58
Q

Effects of the Parasympathetic Stimulation

A
  • Inhibits contraction of internal sphincter of bladder
  • Contracts detrusor muscles of bladder wall, causing urination
59
Q

Nerves to the kidneys and ureters arise from?

A

The renal nerve plexus, and consist of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers

60
Q

The renal plexus is supplied by fibers of the?

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (particularly the least, T12 level)

61
Q

Sympathetic Innervation

A

Constricts blood flow to kidneys, decreasing overall kidney output

62
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation

A

Increases blood flow to the kidneys

63
Q

Medical imaging

A

MRI shows the kidneys close relationship to surrounding viscera

64
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

An infection of the kidneys that has spread from the renal pelvis and calyces to the entirety of the kidney
- Bloodborne bacteria multiplying in the kidneys
- Fecal bacteria traveling up urinary tract (Escherichia coli)
- Pus may fill in worst case scenario

65
Q

Renal Transplantation

A
  • The transplanted kidney is in the iliac fossa of the greater pelvis
  • The renal artery and vein are joined to the external iliac artery and vein, the ureter is sutured into the urinary bladder
66
Q

Renal and Ureteric Caluli

A

Excessive dissension of the ureter due to a renal calculus (kidney stone) causes severe intermittent pain (ureteric colic)
- May cause complete obstruction of urinary flow
- Pain may be inferred elsewhere

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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