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Human Anatomy > Body Wall > Flashcards

Body Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Body Wall

A

Refers to the external surface of the organism

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2
Q

What is the body wall derived from?

A

Ectoderm and mesoderm surrounding the dorsal and ventral body cavities

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3
Q

The body wall is subdivided into what regions?

A

Thoracic and abdominal body wall

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4
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Muscles that occupy the intercostal spaces

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5
Q

What are the 3 groups of intercostal muscles? What is their function?

A

External
Internal
Innermost
Elevates and depresses the ribs

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6
Q

Diaphragm

A

The chief respiratory muscle

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7
Q

External

A

Elevate rib cage

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8
Q

Internal

A

Depress rib cage

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9
Q

Innermost

A

Discontinuous- Expiratory, decrease volume of the rib cage, and weak

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10
Q

What does the external layer do during forced inspiration?

A

Stabilizes ribs, and elevates the ribs

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11
Q

What do the internal and innermost layers do during forced expiration?

A

Stabilize ribs, and different parts depress and elevate ribs

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12
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior

A

Elevates ribs, mostly proprioceptive in function

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13
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior

A

Depresses ribs, mostly proprioceptive in function

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14
Q

What upper limb muscles are responsible for moving the scapula and humerus? What are they all innervated by?

A

Pectoralis major, pectorals minor, and serrates anterior, they’re all innervated by branches of the brachial plexus

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15
Q

What 4 muscles flex the vertebral column and compress abdominal contents?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

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16
Q

Superficial Layers of the Abdominal Body Wall

A

Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
- Camper’s fascia, fatty
- Scarpa’s fascia, membranous

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17
Q

Deep Layers of the Abdominal Body Wall

A

Muscles enclosed in investing fascia
Transversalis fascia- situated deep to abdominal muscles
Extraperitoneal fat- variable amount
Parietal peritoneum

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18
Q

External oblique (2)

A

Fibers run supero-medially
Flexes and rotates the trunk; works with internal oblique

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19
Q

Internal oblique (2)

A

Fibers run perpendicular to those of external oblique
Flexes and rotates the trunk; works with external oblique

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20
Q

Transversus Abdominus (2)

A

Fibers run horizontally
No skeletal movement
Horizontal orientation does not permit flexion or lateral bending
Primarily raises intra-abdominal pressure

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21
Q

Rectus Abdominis (2)

A

Paired muscles separated by linea alba
Attachments on pubic symphysis inferiorly and xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7 superiorly
Contained within rectus sheath = fused aponeuroses of 3 flat abdominal muscles

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22
Q

Arcuate line

A

Abrupt termination of posterior rectus sheath

23
Q

Inferiorly, where does the rectus abdominis lie directly on?

A

Transversalis fascia

24
Q

What is the function of the sheath?

A

Encloses the rectus abdominis muscle, and heavily assists in the compression of viscera by compound the contraction of the rectus muscle

25
Q

Abdominal Muscle Functions

A

Support abdominopelvic contents
Protect abdominal viscera
Compress viscera to maintain or increase intra-abdominal pressure (assisting diaphragm)
Generate force necessary for defecation, micturition, vomiting, and parturition
Produce anterior and lateral flexion + rotation of the trunk; help with posture maintenance

26
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

Passage formed in relation to gonadal descent during fetal development

27
Q

Where does the inguinal canal extend from?

A

The deep inguinal ring (entrance) to superficial inguinal ring (exit)

28
Q

What is the deep ring formed by?

A

An evagination of transversals fascia

29
Q

Superficial Ring

A

External oblique aponeurosis

30
Q

Contents of Inguinal Canal

A

Spermatic cord in males/ round ligament of uterus in females, blood and lymphatic vessels, and ilioinguinal nerve

31
Q

What is crucial for understanding the inguinal canal?

A

Fetal development and gonadal relocation

32
Q

Gonads in both sexes originate where?

A

The dorsal body wall of lumbar region

33
Q

The testes must pass through what?

A

Body wall via the inguinal canal to the scrotum, which is guided by a gubernaculum

34
Q

Where do testes descend from?

A

Behind an evagination of peritoneum: Processus vaginalis

35
Q

What is guided by its gubernaculum in females?

A

Ovaries which descend during fetal development

36
Q

What does the gubernaculum become in females?

A

A round ligament of uterus and ovarian ligament

37
Q

What does the female inguinal canal contain?

A

A round ligament of uterus + ilioinguinal nerve

38
Q

Hernia

A

A protrusion of abdominal contents out of abdominal cavity through a weak point in muscles of abdominal wall

39
Q

What are the most commonly herniated elements?

A

Parietal peritoneum
Parts of small intestine
Greater omentum

40
Q

What are the typical sites for hernias to develop?

A

Inguinal (above inguinal ligament)
Femoral (femoral canal)
Diaphragmatic
Lumbar (lumbar triangle)
Umbilical (omphalocele)

41
Q

What is the frequency for indirect (congenital) inguinal hernia’s?

A

more common (2/3 to 3/4 of inguinal hernias)

42
Q

What is the frequency for direct (acquired) inguinal hernia’s?

A

Less common (1/3 to 1/4 of inguinal hernias)

43
Q

Where are the breasts located?

A

Situated superficially to the underlying skeletal muscle

44
Q

Nipple

A

Opening in the body wall through which milk is excreted

45
Q

Areola

A

Pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

46
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

CT that run from the underlying skeletal muscle to the overlying skin and support the breasts (breast tissue)

47
Q

Lobules

A

Tissue composed of simple cuboidal epithelial, milk secreting cells

48
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

Milk passes from alveoli in the lobules thru larger and larger ducts until it reaches the lactiferous ducts

49
Q

Lactiferous Sinus

A

Milk accumulates here during nursing

50
Q

Scrotum

A

An out pouching of the body wall with the same layers (just renamed)

51
Q

Layers of the scrotum

A

Skin
Dartos Muscle and Fascia
External spermatic fascia
Cremasteric muscle and fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
Tunia albuginea

52
Q

How does the scrotum develop?

A

From an embryological feature called the labioscrotal swelling

53
Q

Dartos muscle

A

Corrugates and wrinkles the skin of the scrotum

54
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Elevates the testes, the testes relax and move away from the body when hot and move closer to the body when cold

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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