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Human Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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2
Q

Hyaline

A

Forms most of the embryonic skeleton
(Covers the ends of long bones and joint surfaces; trachea, larynx, nose)

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3
Q

Elastic

A

External ear, epligottis

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4
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci

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5
Q

Bones

A

Provide stable levers on which muscles act to generate movement
Highly vascularized

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6
Q

What is the human skeleton divided into? What are they?

A

2 to 3 subunits; axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton (maybe skull)

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7
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skeleton of the trunk:
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Vertebrae
- Pelvis*
- Coccyx

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8
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Skeleton of the limbs:
- Pelvic and shoulder girdles
- Long bones, irregular bones, short bones
Takeaway:
Skeletal muscles attach and move the limbs

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9
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than they are wide, tubular
Ex. Humerus, femur

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10
Q

Short bones

A

Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
Bones that form within tendons- sesamoid
Ex. Patella

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11
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin, flattened, slightly curved
Ex. Sternum, ribs, and most skull bones

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12
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones with complex shapes
Ex. Hip bones and vertebrae

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13
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

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14
Q

Crest

A

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

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15
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Ex. only examples are in femur

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16
Q

Line

A

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

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17
Q

Tubercle

A

Small rounded projection or process

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18
Q

Epicondyle

A

Raised area on or above a condyle

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19
Q

Spine

A

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

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20
Q

Process

A

Any bony prominence

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21
Q

Head

A

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

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22
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

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23
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa

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24
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone

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25
Q

Groove

A

Furrow

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26
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slitlike opening

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27
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a structure

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28
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

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29
Q

Meatus

A

Canal-like passageway

30
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

31
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points

A
  1. Tuberosity
  2. Trochanter
  3. Tubercle
  4. Epicondyle
  5. Spine
  6. Process
32
Q

Depressions and openings (passageways)

A
  1. Foramen
  2. Fissure
  3. Fossa
  4. Sinus
33
Q

Projections that help form joints

A
  1. Condyle
  2. Facet
  3. Head
34
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense outer layer that appears smooth and is solid to the naked eye

35
Q

Spongey (trabecular) bone

A

Found internally deep of compact bone layer, spaces are filled with red or yellow bone marrow, plenty of small pointed/flat pieces called trabeculae

36
Q

Diaphysis

A

Tubular “shaft” of a bone

37
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of a bone, covered with articular cartilage

38
Q

How much % of the bone tissue is well vascularized

A

Between 3-11% of blood vessels

39
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Filled with bone marrow

40
Q

Periosteum

A

Well innervated and vascularized CT membrane that covers the outer surface of each bone, except the epiphyseal ends

41
Q

Diploë

A

Internal spongy bone of flat bones

42
Q

What causes the bone to compress on one side and stretch (tense) it on the other?

A

Bending

43
Q

What are at their greatest at the external surfaces?

A

Compression and tension

44
Q

From the spongy bone, what aligns along the stress lines in a support pattern?

A

Trabeculae

45
Q

Material that unites the joint (structural)

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
46
Q

Degree of movement (functional)

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
47
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones united by fibrous CT
Ex. Cranial vault sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

48
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Bones united by hyaline cartilage (synchondroses) or fibrocartilage (symphyses)

49
Q

Synovial

A

Bones are separate and are connected by a fibrous joint capsule lined with a synovial membrane (forms a synovial cavity

50
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable
Ex. Cranial vault sutures

51
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable
Ex. IV discs, pubic symphysis of pelvis

52
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Bone articulation permits free motion in a joint
Ex. Glenohumeral joint

53
Q

Plane Joints

A

Allow short gliding movements

54
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Allow angular movements

55
Q

Pivot Joints

A

Allow rotational movements

56
Q

Condyloid Joints

A

Allow flexion and extension, abduction and adduction movements

57
Q

Saddle Joints

A

Allow flexion and extension, abduction and adduction movements

58
Q

Ball and Socket Joints

A

Allow movements in all directions

59
Q

Trade-off between Joint Mobility and Stability

A

Least Mobile: Uniaxial
Most Stable: Uniaxial
Most Mobile: Multiaxial
Least Stable: Multiaxial
In between: Biaxial

60
Q

Ossification (osteogenesis)

A

Bone-tissue formation; begins in the embryo and proceeds through childhood and adolescence as the skeleton grows, as you progress it gets slower

61
Q

Prior to 8 weeks of development, what happens?

A

The embryo consists only of hyaline cartilage and some membranes of mesenchyme, bone tissue develops in week 8 and replaces most cartilage and mesenchymal membranes

62
Q

Membrane bones

A

Formed directly from mesenchyme; all bones of the skull except some bones of the skull base

63
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

All other bones inferior to the basicranium, except for clavicles, initially develop as hyaline cartilage which is eventually replaced through a process named Endochondrial Ossification

64
Q

Simple Fracture

A

The bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin

65
Q

Compound fracture

A

Broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

66
Q

Bones lengthen entirely by growth of what?

A

Epiphyseal plates

67
Q

Comminuted Fractures

A

Bone fragments into three or more pieces

68
Q

Compression

A

Bone is crushed

69
Q

Spiral

A

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

70
Q

Epiphyseal

A

Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

71
Q

Depressed

A

Broken bone portion is pressed inward

72
Q

Greenstick

A

Bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shaft breaks; other side bends

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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