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Human Anatomy > Development of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Development of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lower respiratory organs?

A

Trachea, pharynx, larynx, and lungs

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2
Q

When do the lower respiratory organs develop?

A

Week 4

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3
Q

What develops at week 4?

A

Laryngotracheal groove

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4
Q

What is the laryngotracheal groove?

A

Median feature of the week 4 embryo that is caudal to the pharyngeal pouches

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5
Q

What happens at the end of week 4?

A

The laryngotracheal groove has evaginated to form a laryngotracheal diverticulum. The outpouching continues and forms the respiratory bud.

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6
Q

What does the respiratory bud give rise to?

A

Two outpourings: Primary Bronchial Buds

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7
Q

In what direction does the development of the secondary and tertiary bronchial buds grow? Where do they grow into and what do those become?

A

Laterally into the pericardioperitoneal canals that become pleural cavities in the future

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8
Q

What do the bronchial buds give rise to?

A

Bronchi

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9
Q

What do the connections of the bronchial buds into the trachea form?

A

They enlarge and form the main bronchus by the end of week 5

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10
Q

When are segmental bronchi present by? Are they mature?

A

Week 7, not matured yet

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11
Q

What does the segmental bronchi primordial with its mesenchyme form?

A

The basis for the bronchopulmonary segment

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12
Q

What does the mesenchyme give rise to? At what stage of respiratory development does this happen?

A
  • Cartilage
  • Capillaries
  • Bronchial smooth muscle
  • CT
  • Pulmonary CT
    Respiratory development along with the mesenchyme associations occur within the early stages of development
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13
Q

What do the lungs take on? What is it derived from?

A

Take on a layer of visceral pleura that is derived from splanchnic mesoderm

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14
Q

What do the pleural cavities expand into? What layer do they take on? What is it derived from?

A

Pleural cavities expand into the body wall mesenchyme, which takes on a layer of parietal pleural derived from somatic mesoderm

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15
Q

What is the space between the two layers of pleura?

A

Pleural cavity

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16
Q

Summarize weeks 4 to ~7

A

3 branches/divisions:
- First: Laryngotracheal diverticulum forms (grows in a cranial/caudal direction)
- Second: Primary bronchial buds form (grow in lateral direction; trachea and larynx form
- Third: Primary bronchi begin to differentiate; left and right side differences are beginning (3 lobes on right lung, 2 lobes on left)

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17
Q

Around what weeks does the pseudoglandular period occur? Can infants be born during this period survive?

A

~5- ~7, infants born during these weeks may not be able to survive

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18
Q

How did pseudoglandular get its name?

A

The emerging respiratory apparatus resembles an exocrine gland

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19
Q

What happens in the fourth division/branching sequence:

A

Tertiary bronchi begin to emerge

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20
Q

How many additional divisions/branchings will yield the true respiratory tree and terminal bronchioles?

A

14

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21
Q

All major respiratory developments are set in ______ except for what?

A

Motion, except for those that are responsible for gas exchange

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22
Q

Around what weeks does the canicular period take place?

A

~16- ~25

23
Q

Around weeks ~16- ~25, what happens to the terminal bronchioles?

A

They continue to mature and divide into two or more respiratory bronchioles

24
Q

What is the surrounding tissue called during the canicular period? What happens to it? Why is this important/necessary?

A

Mesoderm, becomes highly vascularized and it is necessary for gas exchange, also important for survival chances of the postpartum infant

25
Q

What develops at the end of the respiratory bronchioles that is necessary for gas exchange?

A

Terminal sacs

26
Q

In what direction does maturation begin during the canalicular period?

A

It progresses cranially to caudally

27
Q

Around what weeks is the terminal sac period? What happens to the terminal sacs, why?

A

Around week 24 to late fetal period, the terminal sacs continue to develop while the epithelium lining becomes thinner to allow the capillaries to bulge outward into the sacs

28
Q

What is the precursor to the blood-air barriers in the mature lungs? What is present now? (terminal sac period)

A

The communication between epithelial and endothelial tissue is the precursor to the blood-air barriers in the mature lungs

29
Q

During this period what continues rapidly, and what multiplies?

A

Vascularization continues rapidly, capillaries and lymphatic vessels multiply

30
Q

During what weeks is the Alveolar Period? What continues to multiply?

A

Around 36 weeks to 8 years of age, the terminal sacs continue to multiply

31
Q

What network increases its ability for gas exchange? What matures during the alveolar period?

A

Capillary network, the lungs mature

32
Q

The mature lung will have about how many terminal sacs?

A

Hundreds to millions

33
Q

What kind of epithelium needs to be thin so that ___ can pass through to exchange via the ___________?

A

Alveolar epithelium, gas exchange passes through via capillaries

34
Q

As scar tissue develops, what grows abnormally?

A

Interstitial tissues

35
Q

Bronchioles may change with what? The ability to _____ diminishes

A

Age and environment, ability to exchange gases diminishes

36
Q

What are the phases of ventilation?

A

Inspiration and Expiration

37
Q

Inspiration

A

Air fills into the lungs

38
Q

Expiration

A

Air exits the lungs

39
Q

What are all skeletal muscles? Which are considered to be prime and functional? What is a more passive accessory muscle?

A

Diaphragm, intercostal muscles = prime and functional
Rectus abdominis= passive accessory
All skeletal muscles

40
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration? Does this increase or decrease the thoracic volume?

A

Contracts and flattens, increases thoracic volume

41
Q

What happens to the external intercostals during inspiration? Does this increase or decrease the thoracic volume?

A

Elevates the ribs, increases thoracic volume

42
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration? Does this increase or decrease the thoracic volume?

A

Elevates and becomes dome-like, decreases thoracic volume

43
Q

What happens to the internal intercostals during expiration?

A

Depresses the ribs

44
Q

What causes change in the thoracic volume during inspiration?

A

Vertical dimension (height)
Anteroposterior (AP) dimension
Transverse dimension

45
Q

Vertical dimension (height)

A

diaphragm contracts and descends

46
Q

Anteroposterior (AP) dimension

A

Increases considerably when the intercostals contract (pump-handle movement)

47
Q

Transverse dimension

A

slight increase with bucket-handle movement

48
Q

What enlarges along with the ribs while they’re raised by the contracting external intercostal muscles?

A

Anteroposterior dimension of the thorax

49
Q

What causes the thorax to expand laterally?

A

The external intercostal muscles elevate the ribs during inspiration

50
Q

What is Pleurisy? Which pleura is insensitive to pain? Which pleura is sensitive to pain?

A

Injury to the pleura from the pleural layers rubbing against each other. This causes patches in the thoracic/abdominal body walls or the root of the neck and shoulder. The visceral pleura is insensitive to pain due to the supply from autonomic innervation
Parietal pleura is sensitive to pain due to its intercostal and phrenic nerve innervation (somatic)

51
Q

What is Pulmonary Collapse?

A

When a lung has too much air enter through the pleural cavity. The surface tension that adheres the visceral to parietal pleura is eliminated, the normal elasticity causes the lung to shrink from within its pleural cavity.

52
Q

What is Thoracocentesis?

A

When a fluid sample is needed from the pleural vanity to check for infection or any abnormalities. The needle is inserted into an intercostal space. The best area is the costodiagphragmatic recess.

53
Q

What is Lung Cancer? What contributes to it?

A

Smoking, genetics, pollution, and interstitial lung disease may cause it. Usually with smoking, cilia may be eroded

54
Q

What are some other respiratory ailments?

A

Bronchial Asthma- hypersensitive to irritants in inhaled air
Cystic Fibrosis- Inherited disease that affects glands throughout the body.
COPD- Air flow into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed. May cause respiratory failure.
Chronic Bronchitis- Excess mucous is produced in the lower respiratory passageway that leads to fibrosis (scar tissue)
Emphysema: Permanent enlargement of the alveoli caused by irritation to the epithelium of alveolar walls

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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