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Human Anatomy > Alimentary Canal > Flashcards

Alimentary Canal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The organs of nutrient and water absorption; food particle obliteration

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2
Q

What is included in the alimentary canal (GI tract)?

A

Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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3
Q

What is included in the accessory digestive organs?

A

Teeth, and tongue
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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4
Q

What is included in the chewing apparatus (bones)?

A

Mandible: Lower jaw
Maxilla: Upper jaw, and hard palate

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5
Q

The muscles responsible for chewing and moving the mandible + processing for into small, digestible particles are innervated by what?

A

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

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6
Q

What is chewing?

A

Mechanically processing food into smaller and smaller particles. Bolus of food moves around in the mouth in a quasi-circular motion

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7
Q

What are the muscles involved in chewing?

A

Temporalis Muscle: Elevates and retracts mandible
Masseter Muscle: Elevates mandible; limited protrusion
Lateral Pterygold Muscle: Protracts mandible; produces lateral chewing motions
Medial Pterygoid Muscle: Elevates mandible (works with masseter); provides subtle grinding motions

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8
Q

What does the buccinator do? What is it innervated by?

A

Compresses the cheeks (important during cheeks)
Innervated by buccal branch of facial nerve, CN VII

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9
Q

What do molars do?

A

Provide large grinding surfaces for mechanical obliteration of food

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10
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

Produce a clear, tasteless, and odorless fluid

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11
Q

What is the parotid?

A

It is the largest salivary gland that is located roughly in front of the ear

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12
Q

Where is the submandibular gland?

A

It lies along the body of the mandible

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13
Q

What is the sublingual gland?

A

It is the smallest salivary gland that sits deep to the tongue

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14
Q

What enzyme starts the digestion of starches from the salivary gland?

A

Amylase

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15
Q

Where does the tongue lay?

A

Partly in the oral cavity, and partly in the oropharynx

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16
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Important for taste and speech
Aids in chewing and swallowing

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17
Q

What are the muscles that promote tongue movements? What are their functions and innervation?

A

Genioglossus: Tongue protraction
Hyoglossus: Tongue depression
Styloglossus: Tongue retraction and elevation
All innervated by the Hypoglossal Nerve (motor) CN XII

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18
Q

What three portions is the pharynx divided into?

A

Nasopharynx: Posterior portion of nasal cavity and has a respiratory function
Oropharynx: Has a digestive function as is bounded by the base of the tongue, soft palate and muscles of the pharyngeal wall
Laryngo-pharynx: Inferior to the pro-pharynx, behind the larynx

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19
Q

Deglutition (swallowing)

A

Process that transfers the food bolus from the oral cavity through the oro-pharynx, into the pharynx, and eventually through the esophagus into the stomach

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20
Q

The bolus of food moves down the esophagus by what?

A

Peristaltic contractions

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21
Q

What muscle cause the soft palate to become tense, and open the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing?

A

Tensor Veli Palatini

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22
Q

What muscle elevates the soft palate during swallowing?

A

Levator Veli Palatini

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23
Q

What muscle elevates the posterior part of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus

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24
Q

What muscle tenses the soft palate and pulls the walls of the pharynx superiorly, anteriorly, and medially during swallowing?

A

Palatopharyngeus

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25
Q

Epiglottis

A

Composed of elastic cartilage and covered by mucous membrane

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26
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Prevents a food bolus from entering the trachea during swallowing

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27
Q

Is the epiglottis open for closed during respiration? When does it close?

A

Open; it closes during the second and third swallowing phases

28
Q

What do the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors do?

A

Constrict walls of the pharynx during swallowing, and propel the bolus of food into the esophagus

29
Q

What is the motor innervation of the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors?

A

Vagus (CN X)

30
Q

What do the Salatopharyngeus, Salpingopharyngeus, and Stylopharyngeus do? What is their innervation?

A

Elevate the pharynx during swallowing, and move the larynx during speaking; Vagus (CN X)

31
Q

What muscle of the pharynx is the only one that is innervated by (CN IX)?

A

Stylopharyngeus

32
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

A muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach

33
Q

What is the esophagus innervated by?

A

Vagus (CN X)

34
Q

What are the common areas of constriction?

A

Arch of aorta, left main bronchus, and the diaphragm

35
Q

Where does the esophagus terminate?

A

Esophago-gastric junction

36
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Mechanical breakdown of food churned into chyme by peristalsis; chemical breakdown of proteins via acids and enzymes

37
Q

What enzymes break down proteins in the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin

38
Q

Cardiac region (stomach)

A

The junction with the esophagus

39
Q

Fundus (stomach)

A

The stomach’s dome

40
Q

Pylorus (stomach)

A

Termination of the stomach

41
Q

Rugae (stomach)

A

Longitudinal folds that allow distention

42
Q

What is the longest part of the alimentary canal?

A

Small intestine

43
Q

Small intestine (3 divisions)

A

Site of all nutrient absorption

44
Q

Duodenum

A

A complex organ that receives digestive enzymes from the pancreas (pancreatic duct), and bile from the liver and gallbladder (bile duct)
5% total length of small intestine, most fixed

45
Q

Jejunum

A

Begins at duodenojejunal junction and is 40% of the small intestine’s length
- Thick and heavy
- Long

46
Q

Ileum

A

Ends at ileocecal junction and is 55% of the total small intestine length
- Thin and light
- Short

47
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

48
Q

Teniae Coli

A

3 thickened bands of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers

49
Q

Haustra

A

Pouches of the colon between the teniae

50
Q

Mental appendices

A

Small, fatty appendices or projections of visceral peritoneum

51
Q

Caliber

A

Much larger internal diameter compared to small intestine

52
Q

Rectum

A

Fixed terminal part of large intestine

53
Q

Anal canal contains what?

A
  • Internal anal sphincter (involuntary)
  • External anal sphincter (voluntary
  • Anal columns (vessels)
  • Pectinate line
54
Q

What line separates the structures that have different innervations in the anal canal?

A

Pectinate line, superior are visceral motor and sensory fibers (veins drain into portal venous system); inferior are somatic motor and sensory fibers (veins drain into canal venous system)

55
Q

What is not received first by the liver?

A

Lipids

56
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A

4
- Right
- Left
- Caudate
- Quadrate

57
Q

What is the “doorway to the liver”

A

Porta hepatis

58
Q

Porta Hepatis

A

Passage of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic ducts, hepatic nerve plexus, and lymphatics

59
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Binds the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

60
Q

Round ligament

A

Extends from the umbilicus to the liver, remnant of the umbilical vein (carried oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus)

61
Q

Ligamentum venosum

A

Cord-like remnant of the ductus venosus (shunted blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC)

62
Q

How many internal divisions is the liver divided into?

A

8

63
Q

Each liver segment as its own what?

A

Vascular supply and bile drainage

64
Q

Liver divisions are supplied by?

A
  • Branch of the right and left hepatic artery
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • Drained by a branch of the right or left hepatic duct
65
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water and salts, and expels bile into the duodenum

66
Q

Pancreas

A

Elongated accessory digestive gland (C-shaped curvature of the duodenum)

67
Q

What does the main pancreatic duct do?

A

Joints the bile duct from the gallbladder and both empty in to duodenum

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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