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Anatomy > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Components of The Urinary System

A
  • Excretory system that filters blood and removes excess fluids, metabolic wastes, and ions
    Macroscopic components:
  • Kidneys (2)
  • Ureters (2)
  • Urinary bladder (1)
  • Urethra (1)
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2
Q

Location of Kidneys

A
  • The kidneys are retroperitoneal
  • Located behind the parietal peritoneum
  • The lower ribs offer some protection of the kidneys
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3
Q

Functions of the Kidney

A
  • Filter blood, removing metabolic wastes, toxins, and ions
  • Regulate volume and chemical makeup of blood
  • Balance water, salts, acids, and bases
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4
Q

Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney

A
  • Kidney is surrounded by a tough, fibrous capsule (dense irregular CT)
  • Around this capsule is the perirenal fat capsule
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5
Q

What is Internal Anatomy of Kidney?

A
  • The tip of a pyramid is called a papilla
  • Urine that is produced in the pyramids drains into a minor calyx
    (calyx = cup)
  • Multiple minor calices drain into a major calyx
  • The major calices drain into the renal pelvis which drains into the ureter
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6
Q

What is the main structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A
  • The main structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron
  • There are more than a million nephrons in each kidney
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7
Q

What is the Nephron Structure?

A
  • Each nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
  • Renal corpuscle = glomerular capsule + glomerulus (a tuft of capillaries)
  • The renal tubule is subdivided into
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
  • Distal tubule
  • Distal tubule drains into the
    collecting duct
  • Many nephrons drain into one collecting duct
  • Help concentrate the urine
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8
Q

What are Cortical Nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons
* Make up 85% of all nephrons
* Are located almost entirely within the cortex
* Nephron loops dip into medulla only a short distance

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9
Q

What are Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons
* Make up 15% of nephrons
* Are called juxtamedullary because the renal corpuscle is near the cortex-medullary border
* Nephron loops dip deeply into medulla
* Long loops help produce concentrated urine

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10
Q

What are Peritubular Capillaries?

A
  • Surround renal tubules
  • Branch from efferent arteriole
  • Designed for absorption and secretion
  • Very porous
  • Cortical nephrons have only peritubular capillaries
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11
Q

What is Vasa Recta?

A
  • Surround only tubules of juxtamedullary
    nephrons
  • Branch from efferent arteriole of these nephrons
  • Descend deep into the medulla of kidney
  • Involved with concentrating urine
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12
Q

What are the Steps of Urine Formation?

A

Steps of urine formation
1. Filtration
* Blood is filtered, filtrate is formed
2. Resorption
* Substances to keep in the body are
returned to blood
3. Secretion
* Substances to be removed from the
body enter into filtrate

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13
Q

Nephron Activities during urine production?

A

Processes that occur within a nephron that are involved in producing urine:
* Filtration
- Movement of fluids/wastes from blood capillaries (glomeruli) into nephron
- Any particles small enough to move through –> non-specific
* Resorption
- Nutrients, water, ions recovered by body; they move from nephron back into peritubular capillaries
- ~99% of original filtrate may be resorbed
* Secretion
- Additional molecules actively and selectively moved from peritubular capillaries into the nephron (to be excreted)

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the Renal Corpuscle?

A
  • Site of all filtration
  • Made of glomerulus surrounded by glomerular capsule
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15
Q

What is the Structure of Renal Corpuscle?

A
  • Glomerulus
  • Glomerular capsule
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16
Q

What is the Glomerulus?

A

Glomerulus
* Ball of fenestrated capillaries
* Afferent arteriole leads into glomerulus
* Efferent arteriole leads out of glomerulus

17
Q

What is the Glomerular capsule?

A

Glomerular capsule
* Two layers
- Parietal layer forms outer layer of capsule
- Visceral layer surrounds capillaries

18
Q

What is the Structure of Renal Corpuscle?

A
  • The visceral layer is made of unusual, branching epithelial cells called podocytes (= foot cells)
  • Branches of octopus-like podocytes end in foot processes which interdigitate with each other
  • Filtrate passes into capsule space through filtration slits
19
Q

What is the Filtration Membrane?

A

The filtration membrane consists of
1. Fenestrated epithelium of fenestrated capillary
* Only allows small substances through (no cells)
2. Filtration slits (between foot processes of podocytes)
* Slits are covered with a thin slit diaphragm
3. Basement membrane (fused basal laminae of epithelium and podocyte epithelium)
* Pressure within arterial system pushes small molecules through filtration membrane
* Only the very smallest proteins and small molecules (water, ions, urea, glucose, amino acids) are able to pass through the filtration membrane
- Is called filtrate

20
Q

What is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

A
  • Confined to renal cortex
  • Made of simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
  • Lots of microvilli that increase resorption of water, ions, solutes from filtrate
  • Resorption & Secretion
21
Q

What is Thin Segment Descending Nephron Loop?

A
  • Resorption and secretion
  • Water can leave filtrate by osmosis
  • Walls made of simple squamous epithelium
22
Q

What is the Ascending Nephron Loop?

A
  • Resorption and secretion
  • Walls made of simple cuboidal epithelium
23
Q

What is the Distal Convoluted Tubule?

A
  • Resorption and secretion (less so than the proximal convoluted tubule)
  • Walls made of simple cuboidal epithelium
24
Q

What is the Collecting Duct?

A
  • Several nephrons empty into one collecting duct
  • Urine can be concentrated here
  • Walls made of simple cuboidal epithelium
25
Q

What are Kidney Stones?

A
  • Can precipitate out of urine —> most commonly from calcium
  • If they block ureter, urine can collect w/in renal pelvis
  • Drugs & ultrasound (lithotripsy) most common treatments
  • HYDRATE —>difficult to form if urine is rich in water
26
Q

What is the Ureter?

A
  • Drains urine from renal pelvis
  • Lined with transitional epithelium
  • Able to stretch and recoil (as urine moves through) with help of smooth muscle
27
Q

What is the Urinary Bladder?

A
  • Muscular sac that collects and stores urine
28
Q

What are the components of the Urinary Bladder?

A
  • Detrusor muscle
  • Under parasympathetic control –> signals contraction when bladder is stretched
  • Internal urethral sphincter
  • Smooth muscle
  • Under sympathetic control –> signal contraction when bladder is filling
  • External urethral sphincter
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Under voluntary control (somatic motor NS)
29
Q

Urethra of the Female

A
  • The urethra drains the urinary bladder
  • Is made of transitional epithelium close to bladder and changes to stratified squamous as it nears opening to body
  • 3-4 cm in length (females)
  • Internal urethral sphincter
  • Smooth muscle
  • Keeps urethra closed when urine not passing through
  • External urethral sphincter
  • Skeletal muscle; voluntary control
30
Q

Urethra of the Male

A
  • The male urethra is approx. 20 cm in length
  • Carries both urine and semen
  • Has different regions
  • Prostatic urethra
    – Length of prostate
  • Intermediate part of urethra (also called membranous urethra)
    – Between spongy and prostatic sections
  • Spongy urethra
    – Length of the penis
    *Internal urethral sphincter
  • Smooth muscle, involuntary control
  • External urethral sphincter
  • Skeletal muscle, voluntary control
  • Urinary retention is common in men as the prostate (and potential hypertrophy) press on the urethra

Anatomy (22 decks)

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