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Anatomy > CNS Brain > Flashcards

CNS Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A
  • Brain and spinal cord make up the CNS
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2
Q

How is the brain studied?

A
  • Historically
  • Study humans with brain damage
  • Humans during brain surgery
  • “Volunteers”
  • Today, since 1990, we can learn about the brain less invasively
  • fMRI = functional MRI
    – Looks at increased blood flow (oxygen) to areas of brain
  • PET scan
    – Looks at glucose utilization (high metabolic areas)
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3
Q

Facts about the brain?

A
  • The brain weighs about 3.3 lbs
  • Has a consistency of cold oatmeal
  • Approx. 100 billion neurons
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4
Q

What is the Connective Tissues around Brain?

A

Connective Tissues around Brain
* Under the skull, there are 3 connective tissues surrounding the brain
(they surround the spinal cord as well)
* Dura mater (most superficial)
* Arachnoid mater
* Pia mater

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5
Q

What are the Meninges around Skull - Dura Mater?

A

Dura mater = “tough mother”
* Two layers of dense irregular CT, outermost layer
- Periosteal layer attached to skull (= periosteum)
- Meningeal layer = true external covering of brain
* Blood sinus (dural sinus) contained between layers
* Two layers are fused where there is no sinus

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6
Q

What is Arachnoid mater?

A
  • Arachnoid mater = “spider mother”
  • Just deep to dura mater
  • Reticular CT
  • Web-like extensions attach it to underlying pia mater; extensive blood supply
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7
Q

What is Pia mater?

A
  • Pia mater = “soft mother”
  • Deep to arachnoid mater
  • Very thin, loose areolar CT
  • Clings to surface of brain, into
    indentations as well
  • Richly vascularized (small blood vessels)
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8
Q

What are the Spaces Between Meningeal Layers?

A
  • Subdural space
  • Subarachnoid space
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9
Q

What is Subdural space?

A

Subdural space
* Space between dura mater and
arachnoid mater
* Often referred to as potential space
* Can fill with fluid with disease or trauma
* Normally, contains only thin film of fluid

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10
Q

What is Subarachnoid space

A

Subarachnoid space
* Space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
* Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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11
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

A
  • Located in subarachnoid space and hollow cavities of
    brain and spinal cord
  • Floats and cushions CNS, thereby preventing injury
  • Provides nutrients, removes wastes from CNS
  • Is similar to blood plasma, circulates within and around the CNS
  • Continuously produced by ependymal cells of the capillary-rich choroid plexus
  • Filtrate moves through ependymal cells, into ventricles
  • Usually only 100-160 ml (1/2 cup) at any one time
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12
Q

What is CSF and the Choroid Plexus?

A
  • Produced by filtration of plasma from blood capillaries in pia mater
  • Filtrate moves through ependymal cells, into ventricles
  • CSF continuously produced by filtration of blood plasma
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13
Q

CSF-Filled Structures of the Brain?

A

CSF-filled structures of the brain:
* Lateral ventricles (2)
* Third ventricle (1)
* Cerebral aqueduct (1)
* Fourth ventricle (1)
* Central canal (1, spinal cord)

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the ventricles in the brain?

A

Ventricles are connected, fluid-containing spaces within the brain
* After produced, CSF flows freely through ventricles
* Some CSF enters central canal (spinal cord)
* Most CSF enters subarachnoid space, bathing brain and spinal cord surfaces

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14
Q

What are Arachnoid Granulations?

A

Arachnoid granulations
* Portions of arachnoid mater that extend though dura mater into dural sinuses
* This is where CSF is returned to the blood after circulating through CNS

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15
Q

What is CSF movement?

A

CSF movement is in a pulsatile fashion
* Matches pulse of blood flow (from heart)

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16
Q

What is Hydrocephalus?

A

Hydrocephalus
* CSF is overproduced and/or not removed properly
* Increased intracranial pressure causes brain damage
* Treatment
- Insert shunt that delivers excess CSF to abdominal cavity

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17
Q

What is Meningitis?

A
  • Inflammation of meninges, often by
    infection (viral or bacterial)
  • The infection can spread to the
    nervous tissue of brain
    • Swelling results
    • Death can result
  • Viral: most common; often resolves
    within a few weeks
  • Bacterial: most dangerous; can be
    treated with antibiotics
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18
Q

What is Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Capillaries of brain
* Are specialized continuous capillaries
* Endothelial cells are tightly packed; lacking in
intercellular clefts
* Many tight junctions formed by foots of
astrocytes
* Restricts what can enter the brain
- Lipid soluble substances more readily cross
- Can be issue with chemotherapy

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19
Q

What is White Matter?

A

White matter
* Made of myelinated axons
* Form fiber tracts

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20
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Gray matter composed of
* Dendrites
* Cell bodies
* Glial cells
* Unmyelinated axons

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21
Q

Gray and white matter

A

Brain
* Outer gray matter = cerebral cortex
* Inner gray matter = nuclei
Spinal cord
* Outer white matter = fiber tracts
* Inner gray matter

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22
Q

What is Cerebrum?

A

Cerebrum
* Makes up 83% of total brain mass (human)
* Two hemispheres (right and left)
* Has complex neural networks
* Originally part of the telencephalon

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23
Q

What is gray matter of cerebrum?

A

Gray matter
* Cerebral cortex
* Internal nuclei

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24
Q

What is the white matter of the cerebrum?

A

White matter
* Fiber tracts
* Example: corpus callosum

25
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

Corpus Callosum
* Largest fiber tract that connects left and right sides of the brain (~200 million axons)

26
Q

What are the types of processing in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Cerebral cortex = the executive suite
  • The cerebral cortex has 3 primary types of processing areas
    1. Sensory areas (interpret sensory information coming into brain)
    2. Motor areas (dictate motor responses)
    3. Association areas (receive and integrate info from multiple areas; stores
    memories, assist with coordinated responses)
    NOTE: There is much overlap in function and assistance from multiple
    regions of the brain
27
Q

What are the indentiations of Cerebral Cortex?

A
  • Sulci (= furrow)
    • Small indentations
  • Gyri (= twister)
    - Ridges
  • Fissures
    - Deep indentations
28
Q

What are the structures of Cerebral Cortex?

A

Notable structures:
* Central sulcus
- divides frontal and parietal lobes
* Longitudinal fissure
- separates both cerebral hemispheres
* Transverse cerebral fissure
- Separates the cerebellum from cerebral hemispheres

29
Q

What are the Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Insula
30
Q

Which side of the brain controls the left side of the body?

A
  • The right hemisphere controls/receives info the left side of the body and vice versa
31
Q

What is the purpose of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Voluntary motor control
  • Most anterior region: higher order cognitive functions (thinking, planning, decision making, working memory, executive functions)
32
Q

What is the primary motor cotex?

A

Primary motor cortex
* Conscious control of skeletal muscles
* Damage →loss of voluntary motor control

33
Q

What is the Motor Homunculus?

A
  • Map of body’s motor control on brain
34
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Prefrontal cortex
* Most complicated cortical region
* Association area
* Processes emotions related to personal and social interactions
- Personality
* Working memory for object recall tasks
- Cognition
* Solving complex, multitask problems
- Intellect
* Damage: mental and personality
disorders

35
Q

What are Frontal Lobe Lobotomies?

A

Used to correct behavioral issues and/or mental illness

36
Q

What are the structures of the frontal lob?

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. prefrontal cortex
  3. Brocas area
37
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe?

A

Input and interpretation of sensory information coming from somatic senses (touch, temperature, pain, pressure, etc.)

38
Q

what are the Structural and Functional Areas of Parietal Lobe?

A
  • Parietal lobe (somatic sensation)
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Receives input from somatic sensory receptors of body (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature)
  • Damage
  • Inability to identify an object by touch
  • Can still identify by sight (processed in different part of the brain)
39
Q

What is the Sensory Homunculus?

A

Map of body’s sensory input on brain

40
Q

What is the Temporal Lobe?

A
  • Receives and interprets sound and sensory information from inner ear
  • Receives and interprets smell from nasal cavity
41
Q

What are the Structural and Functional Areas of Temporal Lobe?

A
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Auditory association area
  • Primary olfactory cortex
42
Q

What is the Primary auditory cortex?

A

Primary auditory cortex
* Conscious awareness of sound
* Inner ear excites

43
Q

What is the Auditory association area?

A

Auditory association area
* Evaluation of sound
- Ex. Screech, music, thunder
* Wernicke’s area
- Recognition of spoken words

44
Q

What is the Primary olfactory cortex?

A

Primary olfactory cortex
* Conscious awareness of smells
* Sensory input from olfactory nerves

45
Q

Temporal lobe and recognition of smells?

A

Association area allows for
recognition of smells
* Part of the limbic system
- Involved with emotions

46
Q

Purpose of Occipital Lobe?

A

Occipital Lobe
* Receives and interprets stimuli from retina of eye

47
Q

What are the Structural Areas of Occipital Lobe?

A
  • Primary visual cortex
48
Q

What is the Primary visual cortex?

A

Primary visual cortex
* Receives information coming from
receptors in retina

49
Q

What is Insula?

A
  • “New” lobe of cerebrum
  • Functions: diverse (still researching)
  • Visceral sensory cortex here
    – Receives sensory input (pain, pressure,
    hunger, etc.) from thoracic and abdominal
    organs
  • Involved with the processing of
    emotions
  • Self-recognition (and interoception =
    awareness of the inner self)
50
Q

What is the gustatory cortex?

A

Insula has a gustatory cortex
* Taste receives and interprets sensory information from taste receptors of oral cavity and throat

51
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Two cardinal features with Parkinson’s:
* Loss of dopamine-producing cells of substantia nigra, and
* Clustering of a protein (alpha synuclein) in tight deposits called Lewy bodies

52
Q

What is the purpose of the Limbic System?

A
  • Limbic system structures are found in the cerebrum and diencephalon
  • Considered the emotional brain
53
Q

What are the structures of the limbic system?

A

Structures deep within temporal lobe:
* Amygdaloid body: memory of fears, regulates anger, proper responses to social clues; involved in PTSD
* Hippocampus: conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories
The limbic system interacts with many other parts of the brain, including
* The olfactory cortex
- Reason why smells can evoke emotions
* Hypothalamus
- Reason why emotional stress can cause high blood pressure and heart burn

54
Q

What are the structures of Diencephalon?

A

Structures
* Thalamus
* Epithalamus
* Hypothalamus

55
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  • Makes up 80% diencephalon
  • Paired egg-shaped structures (one in both hemispheres)
  • Information going to cerebral cortex must first go through thalamus (except olfactory input)
  • Relay center for most sensory information to cerebral cortex
  • Exception: olfaction
56
Q

What is the epithalamus?

A
  • Pineal gland
  • Secretes melatonin
  • Sleep hormone
57
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

Visceral control center made of many different nuclei
* Hunger and thirst
- Monitors concentration of salts and nutrients in blood
* Body temperature
- Initiates sweating and shivering in response to temperature changes in blood
* Controls smooth muscle cardiac muscle, glands
- Blood pressure
- Digestion
- Respiration
- Limbic center control center
Regulates the release of hormones from pituitary gland (endocrine)

58
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A
  • Smooths and coordinates muscle movements by:
  • Processing information from the motor cortex on planned movements
  • Processing information from inner ear on head position and from proprioceptors throughout body on its position in space
  • Involved with balance, fine motor
    control, and motor memory
  • Originates from metencephalon
59
Q

What are the components of the brain stem?

A

The brain stem components:
* Medulla oblongata
* Pons
* Midbrain

60
Q

What is the Myelencephalon: Medulla Oblongata?

A
  • Important nuclei involved in basic life support functions
  • Cardiac center (heart rate and force of contraction
  • Vasomotor center (regulates blood pressure)
  • Respiratory center (rhythm and rate of breathing)
61
Q

What is a stroke?

A

STROKE: Interruption of blood flow to a region of
the brain resulting in neuronal cell death

Anatomy (22 decks)

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