Final cumulative notecards Flashcards
- What are the Epidermal Layers?
Deepest
* Stratum basale
* Stratum spinosum
* Stratum granulosum
* Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
* Stratum corneum
Most superficial
- What are the properties of Stratum basale?
Stratum basale
* Deepest portion of epidermis, 1 layer
* High mitotic activity
* Mostly keratinocytes, some melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells
* Desmosomes hold cells together
- What are the properties of Stratum spinosum?
Stratum spinosum
* Several layers of cells; some mitosis but not as much as st. basale
* “Spiny” looking cells caused by tissue preparation
* Some dendritic cells
- What are the properties of Stratum granulosum?
Stratum granulosum
* 1 to 5 layers flattened keratinocytes
* Contain keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules (waterproofing)
- What are the properties of Stratum lucidum?
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
* Appears as a translucent band
- What are the properties of Stratum corneum?
Stratum corneum
* Many layers thick
* Dead keratinocytes full of keratin
* Glycolipids add waterproofing
- What are the epidermal cells?
Epidermal Cells
* Keratinocytes
* Melanocytes
* Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
* Dendritic cells
- What are Keratinocytes?
Keratinocytes
* Most abundant
* Produce keratin
* Oldest cells are superficial, newest are deep
* Replaced every 35 to 45 days
- What are Melanocytes?
Melanocytes
* Produce the pigment melanin
* Located in stratum basale
* Nearby keratinocytes consume melanin
- What are Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)?
Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
* Sensory touch receptors associated with
nerve ending
* Found in stratum basale only
- What are Dendritic Cells?
Dendritic cells
* Part of the immune system
* Phagocytic
* Primarily in stratum spinosum
- What are the different types of Covering and Lining Membranes?
There are 3 types:
* Cutaneous membrane (skin)
* Mucous membranes
* Serous membranes
- What is the Mucous Membrane?
Mucous Membranes
*Line organs and cavities that open to outside the body
*Epithelial sheet covers underlying loose areolar = lamina propria
*Epithelial tissue produces mucus
*Wet/moist membranes
*Examples: respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
- What is the Serous Membranes?
Serous Membranes
*Line closed cavities and their organs
*Simple squamous overlying loose areolar
*Epithelium produces a slippery serous fluid that reduces friction
- Types of Serous Membranes?
Serous Membranes
*Major components
- Visceral serous membrane (closest to organ)
- Parietal serous membrane (farthest from organ)
- Serous fluid between the two
*Types
- Pericardium
- Pleura
- Peritoneum
- What is the Pericardium?
Pericardium
*Serous membranes surrounding the heart
*Pericardial cavity is filled with pericardial fluid
- Reduces friction with contractions
- What is the Pleura?
Pleura
*Serous membrane that lines pleural cavity and surrounds lungs
*Pleural fluid reduces friction during breathing
- What is Peritoneum?
Peritoneum
*Serous membrane that lines abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds abdominopelvic organs
*Cavity is filled with peritoneal fluid
*Visceral peritoneum covers organs
*Parietal peritoneum lines abdominopelvic wall and diaphragm
- What is the osteon, in compact bone?
The osteon
* Made of concentric circles called lamellae
* Lacunae are between adjacent lamellae
- Osteocytes live in lacunae
* Lacunae are connected by little canals called canaliculi
- Canaliculi allow movement of nutrients and communication between osteocytes
- types of bone cells
*Osteoblast - build bone
*Osteocyte - maintain bone
*Osteoclast - breakdown bone
- “-blast” is producing the EC matrix
- “-cyte” is maintaining the EC matrix
- “-clast” is breaking down the EC matrix
- “Osteo-” is the primary cell type in bone
- How are joints classified?
Structural classification of joints is based on the type of material that binds the bones together and whether or not there is a joint cavity
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
- Which types of joints have joint cavities
-Synovial joints have joint cavities
- cartilaginous and fibrous do not have joint cavities
- What is the construction of fibrous joint?
Dense regular CT connects bones
- What is the construction of Cartilaginous joint?
Cartilage connects bones
- What is the construction of Synovial joints?
Ligaments and articular capsule connect bones;
ends of bones covered with articular cartilage
- Muscle Tissue Types
- Skeletal muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Properties of Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
* Moves the skeleton
* Under voluntary control
* Is multinucleated
* Long, cylindrical fibers
* Striated
* Accounts for ~40% body weight
- Properties of cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle
* Only found in heart wall
* Shorter, branched fibers
* One nucleus per cell
* Striated
* Under involuntary control
- Properties of smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
* Found in walls of hollow organs (except the heart)
* Small, spindle-shaped cells
* One nucleus per cell
* No striations
* Under involuntary control
- What are the layers of the Alimentary Canal
The inner canal = lumen
There is a consistent layering of tissues that form most of
the alimentary canal (there are some exceptions to be noted later)
From lumen to outer layer:
Mucosa: lines lumen
Submucosa: support layer
Muscularis externa: muscle layer
Serosa: outer surface
- Sequence of digestive tract segments/organs
Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)→ large intestine (appendix, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon)→ rectum → anus.
- Functions of each digestive tract segments/organs
- Mouth - T Your salivary glands make saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food so it moves more easily through your esophagus into your stomach.
- The pharynx - carries food and fluid down from the nose and mouth
- Esophagus: The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. The esophagus contracts (as it moves food into the stomach
- Stomach - An organ with strong muscular walls, the stomach holds the food and mixes it with acid and enzymes that continue to break the food down into a liquid or paste.
- The small intestine - has three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.
- The large intestine - absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis helps move the stool into your rectum. Rectum. The lower end of your large intestine, the rectum, stores stool until it pushes stool out of your anus during a bowel movement.
- The special cell types that exist within each segment
- How is the anatomy of liver organized?
Cells of the liver are organized into 50,000-100,000 hexagonally-shaped lobules
- How are blood vessels organized in the liver?
Blood vessels & ducts are organized into
portal triads at corners of lobules
- What are Lobules?
A lobule is made of 1 larger bronchiole
and all its branches
* Hexagonal shape
* Size of pencil eraser to a penny
Stroma = elastic CT that surrounds lobules
* In most city dwellers and smokers, the
stroma is blackened with smoke
- What is in each triad?
Each triad contains
* Bile duct (transports bile out of lobule)
* Portal venule (transports nutrient-rich blood
into lobule)
* Portal arteriole (transports oxygen-rich blood
into the lobule)
- How does bile move?
Bile moves from hepatocytes →bile canaliculus →bile duct
- What are Liver sinusoids?
Liver sinusoids
* Large capillaries between
plates of hepatocytes
* Site where arterial and
venous blood mix →blood is
carried to central vein
- What is the Central veins?
Central veins
* Drains blood from sinusoids out of liver
- What are alveoli?
- Alveolar sac = cluster of alveoli on a duct
- Alveoli increase volume of lungs and surface area for gas exchange
- Components of Alveoli and the Respiratory
Membrane?
-Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane
- Respiratory membrane = alveolar epithelium + capillary epithelium + fused basement membranes of both epithelia
- Alveolar epithelium is simple squamous
- Capillary epithelium (endothelium) is simple squamous
- What are the cell types of Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane?
Cell types
* Type I cells (simple squamous; extremely thin)
* Type II cells (cuboidal)
- Secrete surfactant which decreases surface tension; allows alveoli to re-inflate more easily
* Macrophages
- Phagocytize inhaled particles
- Move to bronchi where cilia sweep them up and out
- External and Internal Respiration
External respiration
- Gas exchange between air & red
blood cells in the lungs
Internal respiration
- Gas exchange between red blood
cells & body tissues outside of the
lungs
- What is the Pericardium?
The pericardium is a triple-layered sac that
encloses the heart
* Outer layer = fibrous pericardium
* Inner layers = serous pericardium
The tough, fibrous pericardium
* Anchors heart
* Prevents overfilling
* Dense irregular CT
- What are the Layers of Pericardium and Heart Wall?
*Epicardium
- = visceral pericardium
*Myocardium
- Cardiac muscle tissue
*Endocardium
- Simple squamous
- What is the pathway for the Cardiac Conduction System?
Pathway:
* Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
- In right atrium
- Initiates electrical impulse; inherent rhythmicity
- Stimulates atria and via internodal pathway, stimulates atrioventricular (AV) node
* Atrioventricular (AV) node
- Delays impulse , then stimulates
* Atrioventricular (AV) bundle, then
* Right and left bundle branches, then
* Purkinje fibers
- Flow of blood
1) body –> 2) inferior/superior vena cava –> 3) right atrium –> 4) tricuspid valve –> 5) right ventricle –> 6) pulmonary arteries –> 7) lungs –> 8) pulmonary veins –> 9) left atrium –> 10) mitral or bicuspid valve –> 11) left ventricle –> 12) aortic valve –> 13) aorta –> 14) body.
12.valve positioning when the chambers are in systole and diastole?
During systole, the two ventricles develop pressure and eject blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta. At this time the AV valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open. The semilunar valves are closed and the AV valves are open during diastole.
- determine where oxygenated blood is found.
lungs –> 8) pulmonary veins –> 9) left atrium –> 10) mitral or bicuspid valve –> 11) left ventricle –> 12) aortic valve –> 13) aorta –> 14) body.
- determine where deoxygenated blood is found.
1) body –> 2) inferior/superior vena cava –> 3) right atrium –> 4) tricuspid valve –> 5) right ventricle –> 6) pulmonary arteries to lungs
- What is the Pulmonary Circuit?
*Route between heart and lungs
*Allows blood to pick up oxygen
*Right ventricle →pulmonarytrunk→pulmonary arteries →
lungs →pulmonary veins →left atrium
- What is the Systemic Circuit?
*Route between heart and body
tissues (other than lungs)
*Brings oxygen to cells
*Left ventricle →Aorta →Cells of
body →Veins →Right atrium
- What are the Layers of Vessel Walls?
Tunica intima
- Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
- Subendothelial layer (loose areolar CT)
Tunica media
- Smooth muscle
- Arranged circularly for vasoconstriction
Tunica external
- Loose areolar CT
- Some large vessels have own blood supply =vasa vasorum
- What are the Vessels of the Body
Vessels of the Body: Made of Same Tissue Layers
*Blood vessels
- Transport blood
- Continuous circuit between heart and capillaries
* Lymph vessels
- Transport lymph (fluid that has accumulated in tissues)
- One way→not a circuit
- What are the classifications of neuron structure?
*Multipolar
*Bipolar
*Unipolar
- What are Multipolar neurons?
Multipolar: many dendrites, single axon
* Most neurons in CNS
* Motor neurons and interneurons
- What are bipolar neurons?
Bipolar: single dendrite, one axon
attached to cell body
* Only found in a few locations
* Special sensory neurons
- Retina, olfactory mucosa
- What are unipolar neurons?
*Unipolar: single axon connected via
short process to cell body
- Typical sensory neuron
- What are the structures of Diencephalon?
Structures
* Thalamus
* Epithalamus
* Hypothalamus
- What is the thalamus?
- Makes up 80% diencephalon
- Paired egg-shaped structures (one in both hemispheres)
- Information going to cerebral cortex must first go through thalamus (except olfactory input)
- Relay center for most sensory information to cerebral cortex
- Exception: olfaction
- What is the epithalamus?
Pineal gland
*Secretes melatonin
*Sleep hormone
- What is the Hypothalamus?
Visceral control center made of many different nuclei
* Hunger and thirst
- Monitors concentration of salts and nutrients in blood
* Body temperature
- Initiates sweating and shivering in response to temperature changes in blood
* Controls smooth muscle cardiac muscle, glands
- Blood pressure
- Digestion
- Respiration
- Limbic center control center
Regulates the release of hormones from pituitary gland (endocrine)
- What are the Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Insula
- Where is Primary Visual Cortex
Occipital Lobe
- Where is Primary Auditory Cortex ?
Temporal Lobe
- Where is Primary Motor Cortex?
frontal lob
- Where is Primary Somatosensory Cortex?
Parietal Lobe
