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Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of mobility of joints

A
  • Mobility is the amount of movement at a joint; it is dependent on the type of materials joining bones and the articulating surfaces of the bones
  • Joint classification based on mobility
    • Synarthrosis
    • Amphiarthrosis
    • Diarthrosis
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2
Q

What is Synarthrosis?

A

Synarthrosis (syn = together, arthro = joint): immobile; mostly axial

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3
Q

What is Amphiarthrosis?

A

Amphiarthrosis (amphi = of both kinds): slightly moveable; mostly axial

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4
Q

What is Diarthrosis?

A

Diarthrosis (di = two): freely moveable; mostly appendicular

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5
Q

How are joints classified?

A
  • Structural classification of joints is based on the type of material that binds the bones together and whether or not there is a joint cavity
    1. Fibrous
    2. Cartilaginous
    3. Synovial
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6
Q

Which types of joints have joint cavities

A

-Synovial joints have joint cavities
- cartilaginous and fibrous do not have joint cavities

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7
Q

What is the construction of fibrous joint?

A

Dense regular CT connects bones

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8
Q

What is the construction of Cartilaginous joint?

A

Cartilage connects bones

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9
Q

What is the construction of Synovial joints?

A

Ligaments and articular capsule connect bones;
ends of bones covered with articular cartilage

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10
Q

What are sutures?

A

Fibrous Joints: Sutures
* Synarthrotic
* Connected with short dense regular CT fibers
* Example:
- Sutures (= “seams”) between bones of skull
* Allow for skull growth
* During middle age, skull bones fuse together

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11
Q

What are Syndesmoses?

A

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses
* Syndesmoses = “with ligament”
* Amphiarthrotic (most)
* If longer fibers, more movement
* Dense regular CT fibers, longer than with sutures
* Typically found between long bones
* Examples
-Ligament between distal tibia and distal fibula
- Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna

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12
Q

What are Gomphosis?

A

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses
* Gomphosis = “bolt” (peg-in-socket
joint)
* Synarthrotic
* Periodontal ligaments attach tooth
to bone of socket

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13
Q

What are Synchondroses?

A

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
* Synchondrosis = “junction of cartilage”
* Synarthrotic - do not move
* Bones united by hyaline cartilage
* Examples
- Epiphyseal plates
- Joint between first rib’s costal cartilage and manubrium of sternum

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14
Q

What are Symphyses?

A

Cartilaginous Joint: Symphyses
* Symphysis = “growing together”
* Amphiarthrotic
* Bones united by fibrocartilage pad (both strong and flexible)
* Examples:
-Intervertebral discs
- Pubic symphysis

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15
Q

What are the general characteristics of Synovial Joints?

A
  • Synovial = “joint eggs”
  • Diarthrotic = freely movable
  • Synovial joints have
    • Ligaments
    • Joint Cavity
    • Articular capsule
      - - Fibrous layer
      - - Synovial membrane
    • Synovial fluid
    • Nerves
    • Blood supply
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16
Q

Synovial Joints - Ligaments

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone
* Made of dense regular CT
* Can be within or external to joint capsule

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17
Q

Synovial Joints- Joint Cavity

A

Joint Cavity
* Potential space with a small amount of
synovial fluid

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18
Q

Synovial Joints - Articular capsule

A

Articular capsule (joint capsule)
* Outer fibrous layer
* Inner synovial membrane
* Fibrous layer: dense irregular CT, continuous with periosteum
* Synovial membrane
* Inner lining of capsule and all other internal joint surfaces not covered in cartilage
* Loose CT, vascular
* Produces synovial fluid
* Synovial fluid is a lubricant within the capsule

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19
Q

Synovial Joints - Synovial Fluid

A

Synovial fluid
* Blood filtrate, is viscous
* Glycoproteins make fluid slippery, easing movement of joint
* Found in articular cartilages as well as in cavity
- Pressure placed on cartilages causes synovial fluid to move in and out of articular cartilages = weeping lubrication
- This nourishes the chondrocytes in the articular cartilage (important because it is avascular)

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20
Q

Nerves purpose in Synovial Joints?

A

Nerves
* Articular capsule has rich supply of sensory
nerve fibers
* Some detect pain
* Some detect amount of stretch of joint capsule
- Tells body about proprioception

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21
Q

Blood supply purpose for Synovial Joints?

A

Blood supply
* Most supply synovial membrane (for
producing synovial fluid)

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22
Q

What are synovial joints with an articular disk?

A

Some synovial joints have an articular disc
* Disc of fibrocartilage
* Helps improve the fit of articulating cartilages
* Example: meniscus (= “crescent”) of the knee (more on this later…)

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23
Q

What is the labrum?

A
  • Labrum increases stability in joint
  • Glenoid labrum: lip of fibrocartilage around glenoid cavity
  • Acetabular labrum: circular rim of fibrocartilage around acetabulum of hip joint
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24
Q

What are Bursae?

A

Synovial Joints: Bursae
* Bursa (= “purse”): closed fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
- Reduces friction as parts move over each other
- Often where ligaments, tendons overlie bone

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25
Q

What is Bursitis?

A

Inflammation & swelling of bursa

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26
Q

What are tendon sheaths?

A

Synovial Joints: Tendon Sheaths
* Tendon sheath is an elongated bursa that wraps around tendons in high friction areas
- Example, tendon sheaths encircle
tendons in the carpal tunnel of the
wrist

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27
Q

What is the mobility of synovial joints?

A

Synovial Joints: All are Diarthrotic
Synovial joints can be
* Nonaxial
* Uniaxial
* Biaxial
* Multiaxial

28
Q

What is nonaxial?

A

Nonaxial: joint can move in multiple
Directions but only within one plane

29
Q

What is Uniaxial?

A

Uniaxial: joint moves only around 1 axis

30
Q

What is Biaxial?

A

Biaxial: joint moves around 2 axes

31
Q

What is multiaxial?

A

Multiaxial: joint moves around 3 or more axes

32
Q

What are Plane Joints?

A

Synovial Joints: Plane Joints
* Nonaxial
* Gliding movement (side to side, within one plane)
* Ex. Intercarpal joints, joints between vertebral
articular surfaces (facets), sacroiliac joint

33
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Synovial Joints: Hinge Joints
* Uniaxial
* Flexion and extension
* Ex. Elbow, interphalangeal joints (finger joints)

34
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

Synovial Joints: Pivot Joints
* Uniaxial
* Rotational movements
* Ex. Radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
(“No” motion of head)

35
Q

What are Condylar Joints?

A

Synovial: Condylar Joint
* Biaxial
* Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
* Ex. Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, carpals and radius joint, occipital condyles and atlas (“Yes” motion of head)

36
Q

What is a Saddle Joint?

A

Synovial: Saddle Joint
* Biaxial
* Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
* Ex. Carpometacarpal joint of thumb

37
Q

What is a Ball-and-Socket Joint?

A

Synovial: Ball-and-Socket Joint
* Multiaxial
* Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and
rotation
* Ex. Shoulder and hip joints

38
Q

What are the joints of the knee?

A

The knee:
* 2 joints that share ONE joint
capsule & cavity
1. Femoropatellar
2. Tibiofemoral

39
Q

What is the Femoropatellar
Joint?

A

Femoropatellar
Joint
* Between patella and femur
* Plane joint  gliding action
* Patella glides across femur as knee
bends
* Works with quadriceps femoris
muscles in leg extension

40
Q

What is the Tibiofemoral Joint?

A

Tibiofemoral Joint
* Between tibia and femur
* Must withstand body
weight

41
Q

What is the Bicondylar hinge joint?

A

Bicondylar hinge joint - Tibiofemoral Joint
* Articulations between both the
lateral and medial condyles
(femur) and the lateral and medial
condyles (tibia)
* Menisci is between the two bones

42
Q

What is the movement of Tibiofemoral Joint?

A

Movement in 2 axes:
* Flexion and extension
* Medial and lateral rotation

43
Q

What is purpose of Weight-bearing joint of Tibiofemoral Joint?

A

Weight-bearing joint that must
reconcile 2 different and dissimilar
needs
* Stability
* Mobility

44
Q

How do articulating surfaces matched in Tibiofemoral Joint?

A
  • In addition, articulating surfaces are
    not well matched AND they meet
    each other at an angle
45
Q

How is stability achieved in Tibiofemoral Joint?

A

Tibiofemoral Joint
* Stability achieved through
* Ligaments
* Tendons
* Muscle tone puts tension on
tendons
* Menisci (fibrocartilaginous
discs)

46
Q

What is the mobility of Tibiofemoral Joint?

A
  • Mobility: the structures
    surrounding joint allow
    for enough flexibility in
    joint so it can adapt to
    (changing) surfaces while
    walking and running
47
Q

What are the layers of Articular capsule of Tibiofemoral Joint?

A

Articular capsule has
standard 2 layers
* Fibrous outer layer
* Inner synovial membrane

48
Q

What do the ligaments of Tibiofemoral Joint do?

A
  • Ligaments run through &
    surround capsule to provide
    strength & support
49
Q

What are the ligaments of Tibiofemoral Joint?

A

Ligaments
* Tibial (medial) collateral
* Fibular (lateral) collateral
* Anterior cruciate ligament
* Posterior cruciate ligament

50
Q

What is the Tibial (medial) collateral?

A

Tibial (medial) collateral
* Attaches tibia to femur
* Also attaches to medial meniscus
* Prevents medial movement of leg
* Stops leg extension, preventing hyperextension of knee

51
Q

What is the Fibular (lateral) collateral?

A

Fibular (lateral) collateral
* Attaches fibula to femur
* Prevents lateral movement of leg
* Stops leg extension, preventing hyperextension of knee

52
Q

What do Cruciate ligaments do?

A
  • Cruciate ligaments allow you to
    lock your knee
53
Q

What is the Anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament
* Attaches to anterior part of
intercondylar area of tibia and
to the posterior surface of
lateral condyle of femur

54
Q

What is the Posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament
* Attaches to posterior
intercondylar region of tibia
and medial condyle of femur

55
Q

What does the Anterior cruciate ligament prevent?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament
* Prevents anterior sliding of
tibia

56
Q

What does the Posterior cruciate ligament prevent?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament
* Prevents posterior sliding of
tibia
- = Prevents anterior sliding of
the femur

57
Q

What is the Menisci?

A

Menisci
* Tibiofemoral Joint
* Horseshoe shaped fibrocartilaginous discs that sit on top of tibia (tibial plateau)
* Functions
- Enlarge contact area between tibia and femur
- Guide and support condyles
- Increase surface area across which weight is transferred

58
Q

What is the tibial collateral
ligament attached to?

A
  • The tibial collateral ligament has an attachment to the medial meniscus  they are frequently torn together
59
Q

What is a common knee injury?

A

A Common Knee Injury: The Triad of 3

60
Q

What is the triad of 3?

A
  1. Tibial collateral ligament (torn)
  2. Medial meniscus (torn)
  3. Anterior cruciate ligament (torn)
61
Q

What is a sprain vs strain?

A

Sprain = ligament stretched or torn
Strain = tendon/muscle stretched or torn

62
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • Chronic inflammatory disorder
  • Autoimmune: immune system attacks synovialmembranes
  • Causes inflammation of synovial membranes
  • Pain and swelling
63
Q

What is the cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • Inflamed synovial membrane forms a granular pannus
  • Cartilage and bone are damaged by pannus
  • Fibrous scar tissue gradually replaces pannus; this can cause fusion of bones
64
Q

What is Osteoarthritis?

A

*Most common and mostly due to normal aging process
*Articular cartilage breaks down via normal enzyme activity or excessive use
*Resulting bone to bone contact further damages articular surface

65
Q

What is Gouty Arthritis (Gout)?

A

*Uric acid is normal waste product produced by liver during purine metabolism
*High levels of uric acid in blood will precipitate out as crystals into synovial joints forming a tophus
– Body will initiate inflammatory response to digest crystals

66
Q

What is Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome?

A

*Inflammation of tendon sheaths puts pressure on the median nerve passing through carpal tunnel

Anatomy (22 decks)

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