Anatomy Intro Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structures of the human body
What is the Hierarchy of Structural Organization?
The body can be studied at six levels of organization:
•Chemical level (interaction of atoms)
-Atoms (form molecules)
- Molecules (form macromolecules)
- Macromolecules (form organelles and structures of cells)
•Cellular Level (made of macromolecules and organelles
•Tissue Level (group of cells that work together for a
common function)
•Organ Level (a discrete structure made of more than one tissue functioning together)
•Organ System Level (group of organs functioning
together)
•Organism (any living thing; ex. You!)
What are the functions of the Plasma Membrane?
Functions:
• Separates intracellular components from extracellular
components
• Intracellular components = cytoplasm
• Regulates what can enter or exit the cell
• Provides a protective barrier for the cell
• Involved in intercellular communication
What make the Structure of the Plasma Membrane?
Structure:
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Proteins
• Cholesterol
• Glycocalyx
What is the Cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm
•Cytoplasm lies between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
•Cytoplasm is made of
- Cytosol (jelly-like fluid)
- Organelles (“little organs”)
- Inclusions
What are the membrane-bound organelles?
•Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- Ribosomes attached
•Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- No ribosomes
•Golgi apparatus
•Mitochondria
•Lysosomes
What is the Mitochondria?
Mitochondria
• Main site of energy production
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
•Stacks of membranes (looks like
stack of pancakes)
•Receives material from RER in
membrane-bound vesicles
- Sorts, processes, and packages
proteins and membranes
What are Lysosomes functions?
Lysosomes
•Contain digestive enzymes
What is the cytoskeleton?
Cytoskeleton Types
• Microtubules (largest diameter)
- Hollow tubes of tubulin protein
- Shape of cell
- Organelle attachment
• Intermediate filaments
- Protein fibers wound like a rope
- Resist pulling forces
• Microfilaments (smallest diameter)
- Made of protein actin
- Involved in cell movement
What are Cytoplasmic Inclusions?
Cytoplasmic Inclusions
•Temporary structures
•Contents vary depending on the cell function
•Examples
- Lipid droplets
- Glycosomes
What is the Nucleus?
Nucleus
•Contains DNA
•Normally one nucleus per cell
•Nucleolus
- Produces ribosomal RNA
- Site of ribosome subunit assembly
- Subunits leave nucleus through nuclear pores
Types of Cell Junctions?
Cell Junctions
•Tight Junctions
•Desmosomes
•Gap junctions
What are Tight Junctions?
Tight Junctions
• Belt-like junction on apical region cells
• Prevents substances from moving between adjacent cells
• Form a “seal”
• An adhesive belt junction reinforces the tight junction
What are Desmosomes?
Desmosomes
• Bind adjacent cells together
• Linker proteins “zip” together
• Intermediate filaments extend through the cytoplasm, distributing force from cell to cell
• Tissue acts as one sheet
