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Anatomy > Cartilage and Skeleton > Flashcards

Cartilage and Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Skeleton

A

Components
• Bones
- Adult has ~206
- Hard, calcified matrix
- Calcium reservoir
• Cartilage
-Provides flexibility
• Nerves
• Blood vessels
• Epithelial tissue

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2
Q

What are Chondroblasts?

A

Chondroblasts
-Secrete collagen & elastic fibers for support

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3
Q

Are there blood vessels or nerves within cartilage?

A

No blood vessels or nerves within cartilage

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4
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

• There are 3 types of cartilage:
1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Components of Hyaline Cartilage

A

• Most abundant
• Mostly collagen fibers
• Firm matrix cushions and resists compression

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6
Q

Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?

A

• Cartilages in the nose
• Articular cartilage of a joint
- ( the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints)
• Costal Cartilage
- (serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax)
• Thyroid Cartilage
• Cricoid Cartilage
- (the ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx.)
• Trachea

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7
Q

Components of Elastic Cartilage

A

Elastic Cartilage
• Mostly elastic fibers, some collagen
• Able to withstand repeated bending

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8
Q

Locations of Elastic Cartilage

A

Locations:
• Epiglottis
• Pinna (outer ear)

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9
Q

Components of Fibrocartilage

A

• Higher concentration of collagen fibers than hyaline; no elastic fibers
• Strong! Resists tension and absorbs compressive forces

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10
Q

Locations of Fibrocartilage

A

Locations:
• Intervertebral discs
- (lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column.)
• Menisci
- (protect and cushion the joint surface and bone ends)
• Pubic symphysis
- (joint sandwiched between your left pelvic bone and your right pelvic bone.)

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11
Q

What is Cauliflower Ear?

A

• A blow to the ear can result in the perichondrium separating from the deeper elastic cartilage resulting in a hematoma and swelling

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12
Q

Functions associated with skeleton

A

• Support
- Framework and support for soft tissues
• Movement
-Works with muscular system to move body
• Protection
- Of the brain, spinal cord, organs of thorax
• Mineral reservoir
- Calcium and phosphates stored in matrix
• Hemopoiesis
-Houses red bone marrow, which produces new blood cells
• Energy storage
-Fat is stored in yellow bone marrow
• Endocrine
-Osteoblasts secrete hormone (osteocalcin) that helps regulate blood sugar levels

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13
Q

Types of Bone (not shape)

A

• Spongy bone
-Loosely organized rods of bone called trabeculae
-Found in epiphyses of long bones, interior of flat, short, or irregular bones
• Compact bone
-Lines outer surface of bones

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14
Q

What is Spongy Bone Better for?

A

Spongy bone is better for:
• Resisting forces from multiple directions
• Forming a lighter skeleton

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15
Q

What is Compact Bone better for?

A

Compact bone is better for:
• Resisting forces from one direction
• Storage of minerals in the matrix

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16
Q

Structure of Spongy Bone

A

Made of rods of bone called trabeculae
• Are formed in response to stress placed on the bone
• Trabeculae are lined with endosteum
• Trabeculae contain osteocytes
• Spaces contain red bone marrow

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17
Q

Structure of Compact Bone

A

Made of repeating structural units called osteons
• Are long, cylindrical structures
• Run parallel to long axis of bone

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18
Q

What is the osteon, in compact bone?

A

The osteon
• Made of concentric circles called lamellae
• Lacunae are between adjacent lamellae
- Osteocytes live in lacunae
• Lacunae are connected by little canals called canaliculi
- Canaliculi allow movement of nutrients and communication between osteocytes

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19
Q

What is the Haversian/central Canal? (compact bone)

A

• In the center of the lamellae is a central canal (= Haversian canal)
- Contains blood vessels and nerves
- Perforating canals are how blood vessels reach the central canals

20
Q

Can Red Blood Cells pass through canaliculi ? (compact bone)

A

• Red blood cells are too large to pass through canaliculi
• Nutrients must diffuse to osteocytes through canaliculi
- This limits the size of the osteon

21
Q

Other types of lamellae (compact bone)

A

• Interstitial lamellae
- Remnants of old osteons
• Circumferential lamellae
- Rings around the circumference of the diaphysis

22
Q

What direction do adjacent lamellae run?

A

• Collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae run perpendicular to one another
- This increases strength

23
Q

Types of bone shapes?

A

• Long bone
• Short bone
• Flat bone
• Irregular bone

24
Q

Examples of each type of bone

A

• Long bone
- Ulna / radius (forearm)
- the femur (thigh bone)
- humerus (upper arm)
• Short bone
- Talus (ankle)
- Capitate (carpal) bone (wrist)
• Flat bone
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Sternum (chest)
• Irregular bone
- Sphenoid bone (base of cranium)
- Vertebra (backbone)

25
Q

Structure of Long Bone

A

• Epiphyses
• Diaphysis
• Connective tissue membranes

26
Q

What is Epiphyses?

A

Epiphyses
• Spongy bone surrounded by compact bone
• Red bone marrow is found between trabeculae
• Epiphyseal line/plate separates epiphysis from diaphysis
• Articular cartilage covers articulating surface

27
Q

What is the Diaphysis?

A

Diaphysis
• Medullary cavity
• Adults: is filled with yellow marrow (adipocytes)
• Children: is filled with red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)
• Switches to yellow bone marrow between ages 8-18

28
Q

What is the Connective tissue membranes?

A

Connective tissue membranes
• Periosteum surrounds outer compact bone (except where articular cartilage is present)
- Made of dense irregular CT
- Perforating fibers attach periosteum to
bone (Very strong)
- Is osteogenic where touches compact
bone –> osteoclasts and osteoblasts are
deep to the periosteum and actively
remodel the bone

29
Q

What is the Endosteum?

A

Endosteum lines inner surfaces (including trabeculae)
• Thinner dense CT
• Osteogenic (bone forming)
• Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are located under endosteum

30
Q

What is the Arterial Supply to Long Bones?

A

Nutrient arteries
• Pierce periosteum to supply bone with blood
• Perforating arteries (inside perforating canals) connect with arteries in central canal
- Nutrients travel to osteoclasts via canaliculi

31
Q

What is the Epiphyseal plate?

A

Epiphyseal plate = growth plate; site of active growth in long bone

32
Q

What is the Epiphyseal line?

A

Epiphyseal line = growth plate becomes ossified; growth in length is complete

33
Q

Layers for Bone formation

A

Epiphysis
- Resting (quiescent) zone
- Proliferation (growth zone)
- Hypertrophic zone
- Calcification zone
- Ossification
Diaphysis

34
Q

What happens in Proliferation zone?

A

Cartilage cells undergo mitosis

35
Q

What happens in Hypertrophic zone?

A

Older cartilage cells enlarge

36
Q

What happens in calcification zone?

A

Matrix becomes calcified: cartilage cells die; matrix deteriorating

37
Q

What happens in Ossification zone?

A

New bone formation is occuring

38
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification

A

Intramembranous ossification
• Connective tissue membranes are replaced by bone
• Most of skull and clavicle form this way
• Fontanels are remnants of CT membrane

39
Q

How do osteoblasts become osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts produce the matrix; once trapped by matrix are called osteocytes

40
Q

Steps of Intramembranous Ossification

A
  1. Ossification centers develop in fibrous CT
  2. Organic component (osteoid, contains collagen) is secreted then is calcified
  3. Immature bone (=woven bone made of trabeculae) is formed
  4. Woven bone is remodeled into compact bone (externally) and spongy bone (internally)
41
Q

What is Endochondral ossification?

A

Endochondral ossification
• Hyaline cartilage serves as a template
• Most bones of skeleton form this way
-Lower part of skull down (except clavicles)
• Epiphyseal plate is a remnant of hyaline skeleton

42
Q

What is Remodeling?

A

Remodeling
• Occurs under periosteum andendosteum
• Continues throughout a lifetime; based on need of blood calcium levels
• Osteoclasts secrete HCl which dissolves and releases minerals from matrix
• Osteoblasts lay down organic osteoid which fills with minerals

43
Q

Steps of Bone Fracture Healing

A
  1. A hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs
44
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

Osteoporotic: pits on surface of bone indicate where osteoclasts have broken down the matrix
• Osteoclasts outpace osteoblasts

45
Q

What is Osteomalacia?

A

Osteomalacia
• Called rickets in children
• Characterized in children as bowed long bones
• Bone matrix not properly mineralized
• Often a result of a nutritional or UV deficiency resulting in not enough calcium added to matrix
• Reason why vitamin D is added to milk

Anatomy (22 decks)

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