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Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Excretory system

A

A combination of 4 systems; the urinary, digestive, respiratory and integumentary systems that are involved with the process of excretion of waste products.

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2
Q

Urinary system

A

Excrete waste products and eliminate then from the body; maintain homeostasis electrolyte balance and blood pH.

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3
Q

Kidneys (2)

A

A pair of organs of the urinary system in the abdominal cavity that excretes urine.

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4
Q

Renal Cortex

A

The outer portion of the kidney. It is reddish-brown and arches over the pyramids of the medulla and dips in between adjacent pyramids called the renal columns.

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5
Q

Medula

A

The renal medulla is a lighter color and consists of striated, cone-shaped masses called the renal pyramids. The apex of each pyramid projects toward the renal pelvis. The apex is studded with many openings and urine flows through these openings into an extension of the renal pelvis called a calyx.

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6
Q

Calyces (calyx)

A

Are cup-shaped extensions of the renal pelvis that receive the renal pyramids or papillae, which contain the collecting tubes bringing the urine which will flow from the calyces into the renal pelvis.

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7
Q

Renal pelvis (kidney pelvis)

A

Is the large funnel-shaped structure receiving the urine from the calyces and conveying it to the ureter. The renal pelvis is the expanded proximal end of the ureter.

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8
Q

Hilum (Hilus)

A

Is the root or recess of the kidney in the center of its medial concave border that acts as a port or entry/exit for structures entering/leaving the kidney.

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9
Q

Nephron

A

The functioning unit of the kidney; more than 1 million nephrons per kidney.

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10
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Carries blood into the glomerulus of the nephron.

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11
Q

Glomerulus (Glomeruli)

A

Latin for little ball- it is the actual filter. The afferent arteriole divides up into a cluster or ball of capillaries through which the blood is filtered (a cluster of capillary loops).

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12
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Drains blood from the glomerulus. The capillary loops unite forming the efferent arteriole. The arteriole carries blood to the convoluted tubule where it branches out to form the peritubular capillaries.

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13
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

What carries substances that cannot pass through the filter of the glomerulus.

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14
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Is the extended, cup-like end of the renal tubule. It surrounds the glomerulus and receives its filtrate or whatever is filtered through the glomerulus.

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15
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Is the first portion of the renal tubule that is closest to the glomerulus. The term convoluted means winding or twisted.

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16
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Separates the proximal end from the distal convoluted tubule. It is somewhat narrower in the lumen.

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17
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Is the portion furthest from the glomerulus.

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18
Q

Renal artery (oxygenated blood)

A

1) Afferent arteriole: enters the Bowman’s capsule
2) Efferent arteriole: exits the Bowman’s capsule
3) Glomerulus: coil of capillaries in Bowman’s capsule
4) Peritubular capillaries: surround the nephron

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19
Q

Renal vein (deoxygenated blood)

A

Takes blood back to the lungs to be re-oxygenated.

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20
Q

Renal cortex

A

Contains the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and both proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

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21
Q

Medulla

A

Contains the loop of Henle and collecting tubules.

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22
Q

Renin

A

A hormone produced by the kidneys that helps regulates blood pressure.

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23
Q

Erythropoietin

A

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

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24
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Is produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. Its function is to stimulate active reabsorption of water in the renal (convoluted) tubules. A deficiency of this hormone produces a diseased called diabetes insipidus.

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25
Q

Aldosterone

A

Is a hormone (mineralocorticoid) produced by the adrenal cortex. It controls sodium retention and potassium excretion by the cells of the renal tubules.

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26
Q

Diuretic drugs

A

Increase the urinary output usually by decreasing renal tubular reabsorption of water. (i.e. Diuril)

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27
Q

Filtration

A

Blood is forces through the glomeruli in the nephrons by means of filtration.

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28
Q

Reabsorption

A

The glomerular filtrate within the tubule of the nephron contains water, ions, glucose and other useful small molecules at high concentrations. This filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal, distal tubules and the loop of Henle. Whatever passes that is useful to the body will be reabsorbed into the blood stream through the cells of the renal tubules or peritubular capillaries. This processes are called diffusion and active transport.

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29
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

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30
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

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31
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Waste products in the blood are removed by a process called tubular secretion, which occurs in the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule.

32
Q

Rugae

A

A mucous membrane lining the develops into folds or wrinkles when the bladder is emptied.

33
Q

Micturition

A

Voiding

34
Q

250 ml

A

The normal capacity for voiding of the urinary bladder.

35
Q

External (voluntary) sphincter

A

Emptying of the urinary bladder can be controlled voluntarily by the external sphincter.

36
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive production of urine

37
Q

Urethra

A

The tube that leads from the bladder to the external opening called the urethral meatus.

38
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney. most common disease seen. Can present as a secondary infection following an infection with Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus Group A bacteria.

39
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney and the renal pelvis. Acute Pyelonephritis is caused by bacteria that travels through the urinary system and Chronic Pyelonephritis is caused by a urinary blockage.

40
Q

Chronic Renal Failure

A

Progressive loss of kidney function.

41
Q

Dehydration

A

Excessive loss of body fluids.

42
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of fluids in the tissue.

43
Q

Hypertension

A

Increase in blood pressure due to the increase in renin levels.

44
Q

Anemia

A

Decrease in RBC production due to lack of erythropoietin.

45
Q

Uremia

A

An excess in blood urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism.

46
Q

Kidney Dialysis (Hemodialysis)

A

Method used to remove from the blood, the elements normally excreted in the urine.

47
Q

Renal calculi (Renal calculi)

A

Kidney stones

48
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder from fecal microorganisms.

49
Q

UTI

A

Urinary Tract Infection

50
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra, caused by the infectious organisms.

51
Q

Urine color and transparency

A

Darker color more concentrated urine (less water) and cloudy/foul smelling urine indicator of sediment in urine or infection.

52
Q

Chemical characteristics of Urine

A

A water solution of nitrogenous waste and inorganic salt, pH 5-7.8, specific gravity 1.015-1.025

53
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogenous waste product; chief waste product

54
Q

Creatinine

A

Nitrogenous waste product

55
Q

Uric acid

A

Nitrogenous waste product

56
Q

Glycosuria (glucosuria)

A

Indicating the presence of glucose in urine as seen in diabetes mellitus.

57
Q

Albuminuria

A

A sign of kidney disease and means that you have too much albumin in your urine

58
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine.

59
Q

Ketouria

A

Ketone bodies (acetone) in the urine from excessive breakdown of fats. Seen in Diabetes mellitus and starvation.

60
Q

Pyuria

A

Pus (white blood cells) in the urine.

61
Q

Bilirubin

A

In the small intestine, bilirubin is changes to urobilinogen and then to urobilin for excretion into the urine (responsible for natural color). If excessive amounts of bilirubin is in the bloodstream, it can cause jaundice and urine can turn brown from excessive bile.

62
Q

Bacteria

A

Any kind indicates possible infection or an UTI.

63
Q

Casts

A

Are tiny molds formed in microscopic tubules of the kidneys that break loose and are washed out in the urine.

64
Q

Angiotensin

A

A protein whose presence in the blood promotes aldosterone secretion and tends to raise blood pressure.

65
Q

Urinalysis

A

A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It is often done to check for a urinary tract infections, kidney problems, or diabetes.

66
Q

Calculi

A

Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys.

67
Q

Ureter

A

Extends from the kidneys to the bladder.

68
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

A muscular sac has three smooth muscle layers and its function is to store urine and to expel/void by contraction.

69
Q

Adipose capsule

A

Kidney structure

70
Q

Retroperitoneal Space

A

Kidney structure

71
Q

Kidney Transplant

A

Final option for kidney failure.

72
Q

Noturia

A

Excessive urination at night.

73
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A

A common blood test, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test reveals important information about how well your kidneys are working. A BUN test measures the amount of urea nitrogen that’s in your blood.

74
Q

Incontinence

A

Lack of voluntary control over urination or defecation.

75
Q

Peristalsis

A

The motion that propels urine through the ureters; gravity helps when standing.

Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy (13 decks)

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