Blood and Lymph System Flashcards
Erythrocyte
Another name for red blood cells, flattened biconcave disk, no nucleus, pale red color; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and lungs
Platelet
Another name for thrombocyte, membrane-bound cell fragments that are essential for clot formation during wound healing, originate in red bone marrow, no nucleus, fragments of cells, megakaryocytes
150,000-450,000 platelets/mm3
Red Blood Cells
The most abundant cell in the blood
Plasma
The liquid portion of blood
Granulocytes
Neutrophils (50-70%), eosinophils (1-3%) and basophils (0-1%)- have a lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm; Neutrophil or polymorphonuclear leukocyte is the most numerous form of leukocytes
Polycythemia
A type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells.
Leukopenia
Decrease in WBC
Leukocytosis
Increase in WBC
Hemophilia
An inherited disorder characterized by a deficiency in some clotting factors
Von Willebrand Disease
A lifelong bleeding disorder in which your blood doesn’t clot properly. People with the disease have low levels of von Willebrand factor, a protein that helps blood clot, or the protein doesn’t perform as it should.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Excessive clotting occurs in vivo causing the clotting factors to be used up faster than they can be produced- results in death.
Myelogenous Leukemia
A disease in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (also called CML or chronic granulocytic leukemia) is a slowly progressing blood and bone marrow disease that usually occurs during or after middle age, and rarely occurs in children.
Lymphocytic Leukemia
A type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (also called CLL) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that usually gets worse slowly. CLL is one of the most common types of leukemia in adults.
Hemorrhagic Anemia
A disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. The destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of your body. If you have a lower than normal amount of red blood cells, you have anemia.
Hemolytic Anemia
A disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. The destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of your body. If you have a lower than normal amount of red blood cells, you have anemia.
Iron-deficiency Anemia
Occurs when your body doesn’t have enough iron to produce hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the part of red blood cells that gives blood its red color and enables the red blood cells to carry oxygenated blood throughout your body.
Pernicious Anemia
The body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. There are many types of anemia. Pernicious anemia is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12.
Thalassemia
An inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal. Hemoglobin enables red blood cells to carry oxygen. Thalassemia can cause anemia, leaving you fatigued. If you have mild thalassemia, you might not need treatment.
Aplastic Anemia
A condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells. The condition leaves you fatigued and more prone to infections and uncontrolled bleeding. A rare and serious condition, aplastic anemia can develop at any age
Neutrophils
Nuclear lobes increase in number with age, pale lilac granules, phagocytic against bacteria, release cytotoxic chemical from granules, most common leukocyte
Lymphocytes
Spherical cells with a single large nucleus-involved with specific immunity, T-cells attack other cells, B-cells release antibodies (humoral immunity), natural killer cells are similar to T-cells but nonspecific
Monocytes
WBC- Largest leukocyte, horseshoe shaped nucleus, phagocytic cell engulfing pathogens or worn out cells, produced in the red bone marrow
Eosinophils
WBC-two-lobed nucleus, phagocytic cell effective against antigen-antibody complexes, releases antihistamines, increased in allergies or parasitic infections
Basophils
WBC- 2 lobes nucleus hard to see presence of dark purple granules, promotes inflammation, least common leukocyte
Hemostasis
prevents blood loss when blood vessels rupture by vasoconstriction, formation of platelet plug and a fibrin clot
Hemopoiesis
replacement of blood
Negative Feedback of Erythrocytes (RBCs)
A decrease oxygen concentration, kidneys produce erythropoietin, red bone marrow increases RBC production. A increase in oxygen concentration, kidneys decrease the production of erythropoietin, red bone marrow decreases RBC production.
Hemoglobin
The substance that carries most of the oxygen in the blood, made up of 2 alpha subunits and 2 beta subunits. Each subunit surrounds a central heme group that contains iron, which binds an oxygen molecule. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind 4 oxygen molecules.
Arterial blood is bright red (oxygenated) and venous blood is dark red (deoxygenated)
Emigration
to remove or removal; “Leukocytes emigrate to the site of injury”
Diapedesis
dia=through, pedan-to leap; another term for emigration
Blood Type Compatibility in an Emergency
Type O is the universal donor, Type AB is universal recipient
Rh factor (D antigen)
The blood antigen involved in hemolytic disease of newborn, which is from blood incompatibility between mother and fetus
Erythroblastosis fetalis
or Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN), which is from blood incompatibility between mother and fetus
RhoGAM
Special gamma globulin to prevent Rh incompatibility
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN)
or Erythroblastosis fetalis, which is from blood incompatibility between mother and fetus
Hemapheresis
keep desired elements and return remainder to donor
Plasmapheresis
keep plasma and return formed elements to donor
Anemia
A disease resulting in insufficient red blood cell production
Leukemia
A maligant blood disease characterized by abnormal development of White Blood Cells
Hemocrit
volume (mls) of red blood cells per 100 mls of whole blood
mls/mls x 100 = %
Normal Range Men 42-54% Women 36-46%
Hemoglobin Tests
Grams of hemoglobin per 100ml of whole blood
Performed by Electrophoresis
Normal range Men 14-17g Women 12-15g
Leukocyte
White Blood Cells
Serum
The watery fluid that remains after a blood clot.
Fibrinogen
A plasma protein that is activated to form a blood clot
Hemorrage
Profuse bleeding
Autologous
Blood donated by an individual for use by the same individual
Percentage of Blood cells in whole blood
45%
Erythropoetin
A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production
Blood Cell Counts
RBC (4.5-5.5 million per microliter), WBC (5000-10000 cells/microliter), Platelets (150000-450000 platelets/microliter)
Blood Slide (Smear)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)- performed on a drop-stained blood slide, Red cells, platelets examined, parasite can be found, differential white count performed (increased neutrophils-bacterial infection, increased lymphocytes-viral infection, increased eosinophiles-allergic reaction)
Coagulation Studies
Performed before surgery and during treatment of certain diseases (Amount of clotting factors, bleeding time, clotting time, capillary strength and platelet function)
Bone Marrow Biopsy
Sample of red marrow through a needle from sternum, sacrum or iliac crest. Used to diagnose bone marrow disorders such as Leukemia and anemia.
Thrombocytopenia
A deficiency in the number of platelets
Transport Oxygen
The function of Red Blood Cells
Defense cell
Function of White blood Cells
Transfusion
The administration of blood or blood components from one person to another person
Physical Barrier Defenses
Skin (barrier unless broken) and Mucous membranes (trap and expel)
Innate Immune response
Genetically determined
Adaptive immune response
Passive (ready made antibodies given- gamma globulin /breastfeeding) and Active (own immune system produced antibodies- artificial/vaccines or natural exposure to antigens)
Lymph System
Subsystem of the cardiovascular system. Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph and lymphatic tissue.
Lymphatic capillaries
in capillary beds which anastomose form vast networks in the intercellular spaces and constitute the beginning of the lymphatic drainage system. Absent in CNS, meninges, eyeball, internal ear, cartilage and epidermis.
B lymphocyte
A lymphocyte that Generates diverse antibodies
T lymphocyte
A lymphocyte that Secretes chemical messengers
Plasma cell
A lymphocyte that Secretes antibodies
NK cell
A lymphocyte that Destroys virally infected cells
Primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland (T cells).The lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes mature, proliferate, and are
selected, which enables them to attack pathogens without harming the
cells of the body.
Spleen
The organ that filters blood; destroys worn our RBCs; produces RBCs before birth; extracts iron from hemoglobin compound, stores it and releases it back into the system; phagocytosis
Clotting
The function of platelets
Chemical Barrier Defenses
Gastric Juice (acidic pH), Skin (salty sweat & acidic pH),Tears (lysozyme), Saliva (alkaline pH and lysozyme)
Blood
Important in maintaining homeostasis, classified as connective tissue, 8% of total body weight
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes (20-40%) and Monocytes (2-8%): Nucleus is not lobed and the cytoplasm does not have granules
Thymus
Processes the mature T-lymphocytes, secretion of thymosin which then stimulates other lymphoid tissues to produce T-lymphocytes.
