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Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The Nervous System

A

The nervous system includes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and Spinal cord.

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

All nerves outside CNS. Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain. Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.

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4
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Referred to as the voluntary nervous system and consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS with structures of the body such as skeletal muscles and skin.

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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary nervous system and consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS with glands that form secretions (liver, salivary glands, sweat glands), and organs that contain smooth muscle (stomach, intestine, uterus, urinary bladder, blood vessels, iris of eyes and cardiac muscle).

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6
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The emergency nervous system which takes control in stressful situations. Promotes the fight or flight response. This action is enhanced by the production of hormones by the adrenal gland (epinephrine).

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7
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Dominates many automatic functions under ordinary circumstances. Function as the opposite to the sympathetic nervous system which speeds up action, parasympathetic nervous system slows it down.

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8
Q

Effector

A

Functional organ of the Autonomic Nervous System (Pupil, sweat glands, heart, etc.)

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9
Q

Sympathetic

A

A reactive function of the Autonomic nervous system (pupil-dialates, sweat glands-sweat, heart- beats faster, etc.)

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10
Q

Parasympathetic

A

The opposite reaction to the sympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system (Pupil-constricted).

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11
Q

Functions of the Nervous system

A

1)Receives stimuli from body’s internal and external environments through sensory systems (hearing, sight)
2) Determines body’s responses to these impulses including movement, memory, reasoning etc.
3) Controls and coordinates all parts of the body in their response to the stimuli directly with the brain.

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12
Q

Neuron

A

A basic functional unit of the nervous system that contains the cell body and nerve fibers.

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13
Q

Cell body

A

The main part of a nerve cell that contains a nucleus, if the cell body dies the neuron dies as specialized cells cannot reproduce.

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14
Q

Nerve Fibers

A

Contain dendrites, axons and axon fiber coverings.

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15
Q

Dendrites

A

Have a tree-like appearance, serve as receptors sites for stimulus to be received and the sensory impulse begins. Dendrites conduct impulses to the cell body. Each motor neuron has several dendrites, sensory neurons have only one.

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16
Q

Axon

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body.

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17
Q

Myelin

A

A coat or sheath of white fatty material (phospholipid). Function to increase the speed of of nerve impulse conduction and to insulate and maintain the axon.

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18
Q

Neurilemma

A

A protective cellular sheath (covering) surrounding myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system. Function to aid in the regeneration or repair of such fibers when they are injured.

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19
Q

Sensory or afferent neurons

A

A type of neuron concerned with the sensation (feeling, perception, impression) and conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain.

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20
Q

Motor or efferent neurons

A

A type of neuron concerned with stimulating skeletal muscles for movement or motion, and smooth muscles for motion and glands. They carry impulses from the CNS out to the muscles and glands. The organ stimulated by the motor neuron is the effector.

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21
Q

Nerve impulses

A

The electrical activity in the membrane of a neuron by which information is transmitted from one neuron to another (action potential). An impulse that reaches the end of a nerve fiver may 1) induce an impulse in another nerve cell 2) indicate activity in a tissue such as a muscle (contraction) or in glands (secretion), a motor function 3) give rise to a sensation in the brain, a sensory function.

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22
Q

Synapse

A

The point at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another, the point of contact of the terminals of the axon of one neuron with the dendrites of another neuron, the gap across which the electrical nervous impulse must jump (like a spark plug gap).

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that enable impulses to jump across the gap between two neurons.

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24
Q

Epinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter (chemical). Also known as Adrenaline, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions. This medication is used in emergencies to treat very serious allergic reactions to insect stings/bites, foods, drugs, or other substances.

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25
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter (chemical), also called noradrenaline or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as both a hormone and neurotransmitter.

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26
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter that is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals as a neurotransmitter. Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an ester of acetic acid and choline. Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic

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27
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of nerve fibers found outside the central nervous system.

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28
Q

Sensory or afferent nerves

A

Nerves that conduct impulses toward the brain.

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29
Q

Motor or efferent nerves

A

Nerves that conduct impulses away from the brain.

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30
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers.

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31
Q

Spinal cord

A

Located within the vertebral canal or spinal cavity.

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32
Q

Gray matter

A

H-shaped or butterfly-shaped and is centrally located in the cord. Contains nerve cell bodies.

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33
Q

White matter

A

Surrounds the gray matter and consists of nerve fiber bundles.

34
Q

Functions of Sensory (afferent) pathway

A

From afferent nerves through ascending tracts to the brain.

35
Q

Functions of Motor (efferent) pathway

A

From brain through descending tracts down to nerves supplying muscles and glands.

36
Q

Functions of Reflex pathway

A

Forms reflex arc in spinal cord. Rather than being relayed to and from brain for action, spinal reflexes (knee jerk) can take place at the cord level.

37
Q

Lumbar puncture or spinal tap

A

Performed between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae to obtain a portion of the fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

38
Q

Spinal nerves-31 pairs

A

8-cervical, 12-thoracic, 5-lumbar, 5-sacral, 1- coccygeal

39
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Receives sensory impulses from sensory receptors located throughout the body.

40
Q

Ventral Root

A

Sends motor (efferent) impulses to muscles and glands.

41
Q

Meninges

A

Protective membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord.

42
Q

Dura mater

A

The thickest and toughest outermost membrane of the meninges. The cranial dura mater is arranged in two layers closely connected except where they separate to form cranial spaces or channels that are filled with blood which is flowing out of the brain.

43
Q

Arachnoid

A

The middle layer of the meninges. Cobwebby in appearance that loosely covers the central nervous system. The subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid and the pia mater. This space contains circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

44
Q

Pia mater

A

The innermost layer of the meninges. It is the only layer attached to the nerve tissue of the brain and spinal cord. The blood vessels that supply the brain pass through this layer.

45
Q

Functions of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Acts as a shock absorber for both the brain and spinal cord, serves as a medium for transferring of substances from tissues of the nervous system to the blood. Volume is 1/2 C or 150 mls.

46
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

Produces CSF (in the capillaries of the plexuses in the ventricle of the brain) and filters blood plasma through permeable membranes of the plexuses.

47
Q

Characteristics of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A

CSF is formed by filtration from the blood and is constantly drained back into the blood. It is colorless, clear, odorless of water-like consistency with traces of protein, salts, glucose, lymphocytes and specific gravity of 1.007.

48
Q

Circulation pattern of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A

CSF is produced in the cerebral ventricles (choroid plexuses), circulates through all 4 ventricles into the subarachnoid space (around brain and spinal cord) and is reabsorbed back into the blood stream.

49
Q

Meningitis

A

A bacterial or viral inflammation of the meninges of the brain or the spinal cord. Is life-threatening.

50
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest part of the brain, divided into right and left hemispheres by longitudinal fissures. Left-side controls right-side of body and left-side controls the right-side of the body.

51
Q

Frontal lobes

A

The two anterior-most lobes (forehead). Controls movements of voluntary muscles, contains motor and speech centers where areas carry on higher intellectual processes (planning, problem-solving, judging consequences of behavior).

52
Q

Parietal lobes

A

The tow superior-most lobes that meet at the top. Sensation of touch, temperature, pain pressure are interpreted. Understanding size, shape, texture and intensity and locality of objects and stimuli.

53
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Located on each side below the lateral fissure (temples). Function includes the sensory areas concerned with perception, hearing and smelling.

54
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

The two posterior-most lobes that extend over the cerebellum. Functions include perception and vision and combining vision with other sensory experiences.

55
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of nerve tissue of each cerebral hemisphere consists of gray matter and is called the cerebral cortex.

56
Q

Gyri (gyrus)

A

The cortex is arranged in a series of ridges and folds.

57
Q

Diencephalon (interbrain)

A

It is located between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem. Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.

58
Q

Thalamus

A

The two large masses of gray matter situated one on each side of the third ventricle, forming its lateral walls. All afferent impulses going to the cerebrum are relayed through cell bodies in the thalamus. Acts as a receiving station to the brain for sensory impulses which are transmitted to specific areas of the cerebrum.

59
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Forms on the floor and part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle, interconnected by nerve fibers to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and other parts. Part of ANS that influences vital body functions (body temp, water balance, electrolyte balance, appetite, body weight, production of neurosecretory substances which stimulate the pituitary gland to release hormones (sleep-wake cycle, fear and pleasure).

60
Q

Brain stem

A

Includes the midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata. These structures connect the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

61
Q

Midbrain

A

A short, narrow segment of nervous tissue that connects the cerebrum to the pons; upper portion of the brain stem. Serves as a conduction pathway conducting impulses between the cerebrum and the lower portions of the brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord; cranial nerves three and four originate in the midbrain (nerves in eye muscle).

62
Q

Pons

A

The term pons means bridge; pons lies between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. Serves as a conductive pathway for cranial nerves 5,6,7, and 8 originating from the pons; neurons in the pons help regulate the rate and depth of breathing.

63
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Is an enlarged continuation of the spinal cord that extends from the level of the foramen magnum to the pons. The last four pairs of cranial nerves have their origin in the medulla. Function as vital centers for heart rate and respiration.

64
Q

Decussation

A

In the ventral portion it is the crossing over from one side to the other side of the motor fibers.

65
Q

Cerebellum

A

Is the second largest part of the brain, located under the posterior part of the cerebrum. Composed of two hemispheres and a central portion called the vermis. The white and gray matter structure is similar to that of the cerebrum. Function mainly as the reflex center in coordination of skeletal muscles.

66
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sensory impulses involved in these reflexes come from receptors called proprioceptors found in muscles, tendons, joints, eyes and ears.

67
Q

Ventricles

A

Four cavities inside the brain that interconnect to form the ventricular system. Lateral ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere) connected by the interventricular foramen opens to a third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct which carries CSF into the fourth ventricle, then onto the subarachnoid space that allows CSF to flow around the brain and spinal cord.

68
Q

Cranial nerves- 12 pairs

A

3 types of nerves; Sensory , motor and mixed.
10 cranial nerves supply nerve fibers to the structure of the head. One nerve extend to the muscles of the neck (XI: accessory nerve) and one nerve branches into the thoracic and abdominal cavities to innervate body organs (X: vagus nerve)

69
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Also know as a stroke- most common type of brain disorder usually due to a disturbance in the supply of blood through an artery. Symptoms include paralysis, loss of speech, unconsciousness and death.

70
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A disorder which involves the degeneration of brain cells and/or lack of acetylcholine transmitter. Cause unknown- no effective treatment. Symptoms include loss of memory, growing tendency to repeat oneself, misplace objects, become confused and get lost.

71
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls muscle movements. Lack of dopamine neurotransmitter. symptoms include tremors, slowness of movements, difficulty with balance and speech.

72
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Most common crippling childhood disorder. Caused by injuries to the brain before or during birth or in first few months after birth. symptoms include full/partial spastic paralysis or weakness in one or more limbs, tremors, vision, speech or hearing disorders.

73
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

A paralysis of the muscles that control the expression on one side of the face. Involves pressure or injury to the facial nerve (VII). Most often disorder is temporary.

74
Q

Neuralgia

A

Sharp pain along a nerve. Maybe due to injury or irritation of the nerve or even infection (Varicella zoster).

75
Q

Neuritis

A

Is a broad term used to describe inflamed peripheral nerves.

76
Q

Presynaptic vs. Postsynaptic

A

Transmits the signal toward a synapse, whereas a postsynaptic neuron transmits the signal away from the synapse.

77
Q

Receptor

A

Receive the signal

78
Q

Repolarization

A

The change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value.

79
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Saltatory conduction describes the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon, speeding the arrival of the impulse at the nerve terminal in comparison with the slower continuous progression of depolarization spreading down an unmyelinated axon.

80
Q

Synapses

A

A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

81
Q

Tract vs. Nerve

A

A tract is a collection of nerve fibers (axons) in the central nervous system. A nerve is a collection of nerve fibers (axons) in the peripheral nervous system.

Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy (13 decks)

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