Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Cardiac Cycle
One complete cycle of the heart contraction and relaxation.
Bradycardia
A heartrate of less than 60 beats/min.
Tachycardia
A heartrate of greater than 100 beats/min.
Occulsion
Complete closure, as of an artery
Ischemia (Cardiac)
Name for decreased blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle
Thrombus
A blot clot form within a vessel.
Apex
The pointed, inferior portion of the heart.
Pericardium
The serous membrane surrounding the heart.
Myocardium
The middle layer of the heart.
Endocardium
The inner layer of the heart.
Ventricle
The lower chambers of the heart.
Pulmonary valve (semilunar)
The valve that prevents blood from returning to the right ventricle.
Atria
The upper chambers of the heart.
Aortic valve (semilunar)
The valve that prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle.
Cardiac Septum
The partition that separates the heart in half.
Coronary arteries
A vessel supplying oxygenated blood to the heart.
Purkinje fibers
The group of conduction fibers found in the ventricle walls.
Atrioventricular bundle
The group of conduction fibers carrying the impulse from the AV node.
Systole
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
Diastole
The resting period that follows the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
Sinoatrial node (SA Node)
The pacemaker of the heart. Located in the upper wall of the right atrium.
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the heart lining, often affecting the valves.
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle.
Arteriosclerosis
Loss of the elasticity of arteries (hardening)
Anticoagulant
Aspirin/Warfarin is an example of this kind of drug.
Hypertension
The medical term for high blood pressure.
Capillaries
A small vessel through which exchanges between the blood and the cells take place.
Venules
A vessel that receives blood from the capillaries.
Arteries
The group of vessels that carries nutrients and oxygen to all tissues of the body except the lungs.
Pulmonary arteries and veins
The group of vessels that carries blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange.
Phrenic arteries
Vessels of the abdominal aorta that supply the diaphram.
Renal arteries
Vessels of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys.
Intercostal arteries
Vessels that extend between ribs.
Saphenous vein
The longest vein in the body.
Femoral artery
A deep artery in the thigh.
Hepatic portal vein
A vein that re-routes blood to the liver from the intestinal tract.
Median cubital
A vein frequently used for removing blood for testing because of its location near the surface at the front of the elbow.
Pulse
A wave of increased pressure that begins at the heart when the ventricles contract and travels along the arteries.
Valve
Structure that prevents blood from moving backward in the vein.
Hypotension
An abnormal decrease in blood pressure.
Phlebitis
Inflammation of the vein.
Pulmonary emboli
A life-threatening condition resulting from a blood clot piece blocking a vessel in the lungs.
Hypertension
An abnormal increase in blood pressure.
Aneurysm
A bulging sac in the wall of an artery that results from weakness of the blood vessel.
Saphenous
People whose work requires them to stand much of the time frequently have varicosities of the long veins named…
Constriction
A decrease in a blood vessel’s diameter is called…
Increase of blood pressure is caused by
Contraction of the blood vessel walls.
Inguinal
The nodes that filter lymph from the lower extremities and the external genitalia.
Axillary
The lymph nodes located in the armpits.
Cervical
The lymph nodes located in the neck that drain certain parts of the head and neck.
Lymph
The fluid formed when tissue fluid passes from the intercellular spaces into the lymphatic vessels.
Valves
A structure that prevents backflow of fluid in lymphatic vessels.
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels.
Bloodstream
The final destination of the lymph.
Angina (pectoris)
Chest pain on exertion, in cold weather or emotional situations.
Angiography
An examination by X-ray of blood or lymph vessels, carried out after introduction of a radioactive substance.
Arrhythmia
A condition in which the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm.
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Cardiac Output (mls/min) = Stroke volume x Heart Rate
Coronary
Involves the blockage of the coronary arteries (arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood).
Coronary thrombosis
Blood clot that obstructs blood flow in the heart.
Echocardiography
Ultrasound test that visualizes the heart beating.
Electrocardiograph
Records the electrical signal from the heart (beat) with electrodes
Epicardium
The thin outermost layer (visceral layer) of the heart wall.
Fibrillation (ventricular)
When an entire chamber of the heart is involved in a multiple micro-re-entry circuits and quivering with chaotic electrical impulses.
Infarct
A small localized area of dead tissue resulting from failure of blood supply, could result from a heart attack or a Coronary infarction.
Murmur (heart)
A whooshing or swishing sound heard through a stethoscope, not the usual lup-Dup sound the heart makes.
Plaque
Fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls.
Pacemaker
A small device that’s placed (implanted) in the chest to help control the heartbeat.
Stenosis
means narrowing of vessels that supply blood or spinal cord/nerves.
Arteriole
A small branch of an artery leading into capillaries.
Baroreceptor
A receptor sensitive to changes in pressure.
Elasticity
Arteries are always under high pressure. To accommodate this stress, they have an abundance of elastic tissue and less smooth muscle.
Endarterectomy
Surgical removal of part of the inner lining of an artery, together with any obstructive deposits, most often carried out on the carotid artery or on vessels supplying the legs.
Endothelium
A thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels.
Hemorrhage
The flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel.
Shock
A critical condition brought on by the sudden drop in blood flow through the body.
Sinusoid
A small irregularly shaped blood vessel found in certain organs.
Sphygmomanometer
An instrument for measuring blood pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable rubber cuff which is applied to the arm and connected to a column of mercury next to a graduated scale, enabling the determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure by increasing and gradually releasing the pressure in the cuff.
Varices
Enlarged veins. These veins may rupture and bleed
Vericose vein
Twisted, enlarged veins. Any vein that is close to the skin’s surface (superficial) can become varicosed. Varicose veins most commonly affect the veins in the legs. That’s because standing and walking increase the pressure in the veins of the lower body.
Vascoconstriction
The narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls.
Vasodilation
The widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel’s muscular walls.
Vasomotor center
Controls the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle found in the blood vessel wall. Located in the medulla oblongata and involves the autonomic nervous system.
Vein
Blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart. Veins hold most of the blood in your body.
Vena cava
Superior and Inferior vena cava are very large veins that bring deoxygenated blood to your heart to get oxygen
Venous sinus
A group of sinuses or blood channels that drains venous blood circulating from the cranial cavity. It collectively returns deoxygenated blood from the head to the heart to maintain systemic circulation.
Atherosclerosis
Deposits of fat or cholesterol on vessel walls.
Pulmonary circuit
right ventricle-pulmonary artery-arteries of lungs-capillaries of lungs-veins of lungs-pulmonary vein-left atrium
Systemic circuit
left ventricle-aorta-systemic arteries-arterioles-capillary beds-
Arterial system
Aorta-Artery-Arterioles-Capillaries
Venous system
Venules-vein-vena cava
Tricuspid valve
located between the chambers on the right side, an atrioventricular valve.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
is located between the chambers of the left side, an atrioventricular valve.
Bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)
A bundle of fibers which begin begins at the AV node, follows the interventricular system. Divides into right and left (bundles) branches which extend into the terminal branches known as the Purkinje fibers which distribute inpulses to the ventricles.
Rheumatic fever
Caused by a immune response in the body; toxin produced by a Streptococcal infection causes the production of antibodies which not only destroy the toxin but also attack the heart valves.
List major veins
Vena cava, jugular, cephalic, basilic, median cubical, saphenous, hepatic portal
List major arteries
Aorta, Coronary, Carotid, subclavian, intercostal, brachial, radial, ulnar, gastric, hepatic, splenic, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial, dorsalis pedis, phrenic, renal, ovarian and testicular arteries.
Flow (direction) of blood in heart
inferior and superior vena cava-right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
Conduction system includes
SA Node (sinoatrial node), AV Node (atrioventicular node), Bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle), right and left bundle branches, perkinje fibers
Interatrial septum
What divides the heart into the right and left side.
