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Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular System- Movement Function

A

muscles act as motors by shortening or lengthening under the control of the nervous system

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2
Q

Excitability

A

or IRRITABILITY is the capacity of the muscles to respond to a stimulus (chemical , electrical or mechanical) or nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Muscular System- Heat Production Function

A

the use of muscles can cause chemical changes that release heat or energy

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4
Q

Muscular System- Posture Function

A

The partial contraction of skeletal muscles helps to maintain posture and body position

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5
Q

Muscular System- Protection Function

A

the partial contraction of skeletal muscles form a wall that protects the viscera of the abdominopelvic cavities

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6
Q

Contractility

A

The capacity of the muscle fiber to shorten and tighten;

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7
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary, not under conscious control, controlled by ANS, action is slow, visceral organs

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Voluntary, action is fast, attached to skeleton, act as opposing groups or teams-each performing the opposite function

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9
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Involuntary, not under conscious control, under the control of ANS, variable speed, heart only, capable of beating on its own without nervous system stimulation

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10
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

The cells of the muscle tissue are long and thread-like, hence their name muscle fibers. Muscle fibers form bundles called FASCICLES

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11
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles and are held together with connective tissue. Connective tissue that covers individual muscle fibers is called the ENDOMYSIUM and connective tissue that covers each *fascicle is called the PERIMYSIUM

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12
Q

Epimysium

A

A tough connective tissue sheath which encloses the entire muscle

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13
Q

Tendons

A

White glistening cords or bands of fibrous tissue that help to hold the muscles to the bone of the skeleton.

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14
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A broad sheet of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or to other muscles; examples abdominal muscles or muscles of the skull.

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15
Q

Muscle body (belly)

A

Part of a muscle that is the main part, usually in the center where it bellies out when contracted

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16
Q

Muscle origin

A

The part of a muscle that is attached to the stationary bone, end closer to the trunk

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17
Q

Muscle insertion

A

Part of the muscle that is attached to the moveable bone

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18
Q

Prime Mover

A

Muscle that performs a given movement

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19
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that performs opposite movement

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20
Q

Muscle Tone

A

A normal state of slight continuous tension in the muscle tissue that is maintained by reflexing activity and which facilitates its response to stimulation; Poor muscle tone due to lack of exercise, poor health, old age and lost during sleep.

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21
Q

Muscle hypertrophy

A

The over development of muscle fibers or an increase in the size of muscles fibers due to heavy usage

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22
Q

Muscle atrophy

A

The wasting away and shrinkage of muscle tissue due to inability such as paralysis

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23
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

Possibly due to oxygen debt in the muscles due to strenuous activity. Lactic acid is produced and is store in the muscle until adequate amount of oxygen can be supplied. Lactic acid is the byproduct of incomplete metabolism, must be broken down to carbon dioxide, energy and water

24
Q

Rigor mortis

A

Stiffness in corpses or cadavers; no energy is available to relax the muscles. Once decomposition starts to occur (days) rigor mortis disappears.

25
Q

Muscle spasm and colic (cramp)

A

Involuntary muscle contraction, usually sudden, persistent and painful, can be intermitted or continuous; due to stress, strain, electrolyte or pH imbalance (sodium, calcium, etc.) as well as injury or over stretching. SPASM in skeletal muscle and COLIC in smooth muscle (stomach).

26
Q

Muscle sprain

A

Excessive strain on a muscle which will cause the detachment of the muscle from the bones or involve damage to the ligaments, blood vessels or nerves that support the muscle

27
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of the muscle tendons and/or their attachments. Caused by repeat trauma, strain or excessive exercise. Common sites are the shoulder, hip, hamstrings and Achilles (heel) tendon.

28
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Involves the tendons of the muscle of the fingers and the nerves of the fingers. Repetition of an activity is the cause.

29
Q

Nerve Fiber

A

Carry impulses to the muscles. A bundle of axons within the PNS is a nerve.

30
Q

Nerve branches

A

The nerve fiber extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller nerve branches before ending at nerve terminals. A single axon can have multiple branches.

31
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure

32
Q

Neurotransmitter vesicles

A

In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.

33
Q

Muscle receptor

A

Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle.

34
Q

Biceps brachii

A

A muscle on the front of the arm that flexes the elbow and supinates the hand

35
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

A muscle that closes the eyelid

36
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Also known as musculus orbicularis oris is a complex, multi-layered muscle which attaches through a thin, superficial musculoaponeurotic system to the dermis of the upper lip and lower lip and serves as an attachment site for many other facial muscles around the oral region

37
Q

Masseter

A

A muscle which runs through the rear part of the cheek from the temporal bone to the lower jaw on each side and closes the jaw in chewing

38
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

A muscle on the side of the neck that flexes the head

39
Q

Tapezius

A

A triangular muscle on the back of the neck and the upper back that extends the head

40
Q

Deltoid

A

The muscle capping the shoulder and upper arm

41
Q

Pectoralis major

A

The superior most and largest muscle of the anterior chest wall

42
Q

Intercostals

A

Muscles between the ribs that can enlarge the thoracic cavity

43
Q

External oblique

A

One of the outermost abdominal muscles, extending from the lower half of the ribs around and down to the pelvis

44
Q

Internal oblique

A

A muscle found on the lateral side of the abdomen

45
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Makes up the top layer of your abdominal muscles, commonly referred to as your “six-pack.”

46
Q

Abdominal aponeurosis

A

Encloses the long muscles located in the stomach area, from the bottom of the chest to the top of the pubic area

47
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

The muscle that flexes the thigh and extends the lower leg.

48
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

The chief muscle of the calf of the leg and the muscle that causes plantar flexion of the foot.

49
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Also known as the tibialis anticus, is the largest of four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

50
Q

Triceps brachii

A

The large muscle on the back of the arm that extends the elbow

51
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

The main extensor muscle of the hip. It is the largest and outermost of the three gluteal muscles and makes up a large part of the shape and appearance of each side of the hips. It is the single largest muscle in the human body.

52
Q

Cranial aponeurosis

A

A tough fibrous sheet of connective tissue that extends over the cranium, forming the middle (third) layer of the scalp

53
Q

Hamstring Group

A

The semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris muscles comprise the hamstring muscle group. Beginning at the pelvis and running posteriorly along the length of the femur, the majority of muscles within the hamstring complex cross both the femoroacetabular and tibiofemoral joints

54
Q

Buccinator

A

Plays an active role along with the orbicularis oris and superior constrictor muscle during swallowing, mastication, blowing, and sucking

55
Q

Fascicle

A

A bundle of muscle fibers

Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy (13 decks)

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