Skeletal System Flashcards
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone but do not divide to produce new bone tissue
Osteoclasts
Cells that are involved with the breakdown of bone
Compact Bone
hard and dense; it makes up the main shaft of long bones and the outer layer of other bones
Spongy Bone
a meshwork of bone fragments filled with red marrow and is located at the ends of long bones and at the center of other bones.
Red Marrow
Found at the ends of long bones and at the center of other bones (flat bones). Function is to produce blood cells.
Yellow Marrow
Found in the cavities of long bones and consists mostly of fat cells or adipose tissue.
Periosteum
The outer membrane of bones. Contains osteoblasts, blood and lymph vessels and nerve fibers.
Endosteum
Line the marrow cavity of bones.
Long Bones
Long bones with a shaft and irregular shaped ends; Femur and Humerus
Diaphysis
Long shaft on the long bones
Epiphysis- Proximal and Distal
The two irregular shaped ends on the long bones
Short Bones
Have approximately the same dimensions in all directions; cubed-like bone in the wrist and ankles
Flat Bones
Bones with two surfaces roughly parallel and close to each other (
Irregular Bones
Bones that do not fit in any other category; like vertebrae and jaw bone (Mandible)
Sesamoid Bones
Small, rounded bones that develop within a tendon or a joint capsule; like the patella or knee cap
Axial Skeleton- Cranial Bone- Frontal
(1) Foehead bone
Axial Skeleton- Cranial Bone-Parietal
(2) Top and side walls of the cranium
Axial Skeleton- Cranial Bone- Temporal
(2) Form central sides of cranium around ear
Axial Skeleton- Cranial Bone- Occipital
(1) Forms the posterior part of the cranium; the large hole, FORAMEN MAGNUM
Axial Skeleton- Cranial Bone - Sphenoid
(1) A compound bone that forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain.
Axial Skeleton- Cranial Bone - Ethmoid
(1) An unpaired cranial bone that is a significant component of the upper nasal cavity and the nasal septum.
Axial Skeleton- Facial Bone - Nasal
(2) Small bones which form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
Axial Skeleton- Facial Bone- Vomer
(1) Forms lower part of the nasal septum
Axial Skeleton- Facial Bone- Inferior Conchae
(2) Bones situated on the lateral wall of the nasal cavities
Axial Skeleton- Facial Bone- Lacrimals
(2) Thin bones the size of fingernails; located near the inner corner of the eye
Axial Skeleton- Facial Bone- Zygomatic
(2) Cheek bone; forms part of the eye socket
Axial Skeleton- Facial Bone- Palatine
(2) L-shaped bones; form posterior part of hard palate; also form the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Axial Skeleton- Facial Bone- Maxilla
(2) Upper jaw bone; two bones fuse to form the upper jaw and the anterior part of the hard palate
Axial Skeleton- Facial Bone- Mandible
(1) Lower jaw bone; ONLY MOVABLE BONE IN THE SKULL
Axial Skeleton- Ear Bones (Ossicles)- Malleus
(2) Middle ear bone; malleus means HAMMER
Axial Skeleton- Ear Bones (Ossicles)- Incus
(2) Middle ear bone; incus means ANVIL
Axial Skeleton- Ear Bones (Ossicles)- Stapes
(2) Middle ear bone; stapes means STIRRUPS
Axial Skeleton- Ear Bones (Ossicles)- Hyoid
(1) U-shaped bone in the neck at the base of the tongue, forms the functional part of the support of the larnyx
Axial Skeleton- Vertebral Column- Cervical Vertebrae
(7) Upper seven vertebrae in neck region
Axial Skeleton- Vertebral Column- Thoracic Vertebrae
(12) Next twelve bones in the vertebrae column; ribs articulate with these
Axial Skeleton- Vertebral Column- Lumbar Vertebrae
(5) Next 5 vertebrae; largest of the vertebrae; located in the small of the back
Axial Skeleton- Vertebral Column- Sacrum
(1) In children 5 bones; in adults fuse into one; wedged between the two hip bones
Axial Skeleton- Vertebral Column- Coccyx
(1) Tailbone; in children four separate vertebrae; in adults it fuses into one
Axial Skeleton- Thorax- True Ribs
(14-seven pairs) Upper seven pairs; attached to the sternum by costal cartilage
Axial Skeleton- Thorax- False Ribs
(10- five pairs) Lower 5 pairs; upper three attach to the sternum by way of coastal cartilage, LOWER TWO do not attach to the sternum and are known as FLOATING RIBS
Axial Skeleton- Thorax- Sternum
(1) Breast bone- contains three parts, superior called the MANUBRIUM, the middle called the BODY and inferior called the XIPHOID PROCESS. In youth it is made of cartilage becomes bone in adults. Landmark for CPR.
Appendicular skeleton- Shoulder Girdle- Clavical
(2) Collar bone, slender bone with a slight curvature, function is to brace the shoulder
Appendicular skeleton- Shoulder Girdle- Scapulae
(2) Shoulder Blade, located on the upper back part of the thorax; flat triangular shaped bone
Appendicular skeleton- Upper Extremities- Humerus
(2) Upper arm bone; articulates superiorly with the scapula and inferiorly with the radius and ulna
Appendicular skeleton- Upper Extremities- Ulna
(2) Bones on the little side of lower arm; a projection of this bone at the proximal end is called the OLECRANON process is know as the “funny bone”
Appendicular skeleton- Upper Extremities- Radius
(2) Bone on the thumb side of the lower arm; head of radius (proximal end) articulates with distal end of the Humerus.
Appendicular skeleton- Upper Extremities- Carpals
(16) Wrist bones: 8 irregular bones at the upper end of the hand
Appendicular skeleton- Upper Extremities- Metacarpals
(10) Hand bones: form the framework of the hands
Appendicular skeleton- Upper Extremities- Phalanges
(28) Finger bones: three in each finger, two in each thumb
Appendicular skeleton- Pelvic Girdle- Hip Bone
(2) A large irregular shaped bone; develops as three separate parts: ILIUM (uppered flared portion), ISCHIUM the lowest and strongest portion and the PUBIS form the anterior portion. The head of the femur articulates with the hip bone in a socket called the ACETABULUM
Appendicular skeleton- Lower Extremities- Femur
(2) Thigh bone; the longest and the strongest bone in the body, the proximal end fits into the ACETABULUM and the distal end articulates with the tibia
Appendicular skeleton- Lower Extremities-Patella
(2) Knee cap; sesamoid bone embedded in tendons of the quadriceps fermoris muscle
Appendicular skeleton- Lower Extremities- Tibia
(2) Shin bone; larger of the two lower leg bones, located on the medial side of the leg; a projection of this bone is the MEDIAL MALLEOLUS, ankle bone or the weight-bearing bone.
Appendicular skeleton- Lower Extremities- Fibula
(2) Slender bone on the lateral side of the leg; a projection of this bone, the LATERAL MALLEOLUS, is the outer ankle bone, not weight-bearing
Appendicular skeleton- Lower Extremities- Tarsals
(14) Ankle bones; form the heel and the back of the foot; the CALCANEUS (heel) is the largest of these bones
Appendicular skeleton- Lower Extremities- Metatarsals
(10) Foot bones; tarsal and metatarsal bones are arranged to form three arches in the foot, longest bone of the foot form the instep (DORSUM) of the foot
Appendicular skeleton- Lower Extremities- Phalanges
(28) Toes bones; three in each toe except the large toe there are two
Mastoid Process
A projection of the temporal bone located behind the external part of the ear
Acromion
Located on the scapula and is the highest point on the shoulder blade
Olecranon
Located at the upper end of the Ulna and forms the point of the elbow
Iliac crest
The curves rim of the ilium
Iliac spine
Located at the ends of the iliac crest and can be felt as two bony projections (hip areas)
Ischial spine
Located at the back of the pelvic opening; used as a point of reference during childbirth to indicate how far the baby has traveled down the birth canal.
Ischial tuberosity
Located below the ischial spine; it is the large roughened
Acetabulum
Th socket located in the hip joint in which the head of the femur fits and forms the hip joint
Trochanter
A very large process to which muscles are attached; used to identify two large projections near the upper end of the femur, the GREATER and LESSER TROCHANTERS
Malleolus
The large projections that extend from the distal ends of the tibia and fibula at the ankle (ankle bones)
Foramina
A hole in the bone
Foramen magnum
Located on the occipital bone which allows the spinal cord to pass through and reach the brain
Intervertebral foramina
Holes located in the vertebral column through which spinal nerves will pass as they leave the spinal cord
Obturator foramina
Largest foramina in the body; located in the pelvic girdle, near the front of each hipbone
Fontanelles
An opening between cranial bones that have not yet grown together; commonly known as soft spots; bone formation is usually complete by 18 mo. of age
Cleft Palette
A congenital deformity caused by the faulty union of the maxillary bone; an opening in the roof of the mouth
Osteoporosis
A condition characterized by a decrease in calcium deposits, bone protein, and osteoblasts (bone forming cells); the bone is unable to form correctly or repair itself; cases are seen due to aging process, malnutrition and various endocrine deficiencies (decrease in hormones)
Scoliosis
Abnormal, lateral curvature of the vertebral column; extreme cases can result in damage to internal organs
Fractures
a break or rupture in a bone; CLOSED FRACTURE (break in the bone), OPEN FRACTURE (COMPOUND FRACTURE- break in bone through soft tissue), GREENSTICK FRACTURE (bone splits)
Fibrous Joints
No Joint cavity, and no movement is permitted. These joints are also termed a SYNARTHROSIS. The skull sutures are united by fibrous tissues and are a good example
Cartilaginous Joints
Permit a small amount of movement. Cartilage is found between bones. Examples are pubic bone and intervertebral joints. Joints are referred to as AMPHIARTHROSIS.
Synovial Joints
Permit a wide variety of movement. This type of joint is freely moveable and is termed DIARTHROSIS. They have a true joint cavity lined with a synovial membrane and secrete a thick colorless fluid known as synovial fluid
Ligaments
Strong, flexible bands of fibrous tissue that help to hold bones together at the joints
Tendons
White, glistening cords or band of flexible, fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones
Bursae pl. (Bursa sl.)
Small, enclosed sacs lined with synovial membrane or fibrous sacs filled with a small amount of synovial fluid. They function to reduce friction between moving parts in the joints
Articular cartilage
Form caps over the ends of bone forming joints. Its function is to prevent friction between ends of bone in a joint
Synovial- Gliding Joint
Has flattened or slightly curved articular surfaces that allow for sliding movements. Examples are the joints between the carpal bones of the wrist and tarsals bones of the ankle
Synovial- Hinge Joint
One concave and one convex articulating surface. Movement is permitted in only one plane. Examples are elbow and knee
Synovial- Pivot Joint
Has a rotary movement. In this form, a ring rotates around a pivot as in the first two cervical vertebrae
Synovial- Condyloid Joint
Allows movement in two planes such as the joint between the wrist and the bones of the forearm
Synovial- Saddle Joint
Is shaped like a saddle as the term implies and provides movement in two planes. The articular surface is concave in one direction and convex in the other at right angles to the former. The carpal/metacarpal thumb joint is an example
Synovial- Ball and Socket Joint
The head of a bone fits into a cup-like socket of another bone. It is most freely moveable type of joint. Examples include the hip and shoulder
Flexion
Bending of a joint thereby decreasing the angle between the bones; illustrated by bending the elbow or by bending the fingers to close the hand
Extension
Straightening out of a joint which increases the angle between bones; illustrated by straightening the fingers to open the hand
Abduction
Movement of a limb way from the midline of the body; illustrated by kicking a football or reaching to picking up an item
Adduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body; illustrated by bringing the arms and legs back to their original position after kicking or reaching
Circumduction
Circular movement of an extremity which is made possible by utilizing the angular movement of FLEXION, EXTENSION, ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION. Example is drawing an imaginary circle in the sir or draw a circle on the floor with your foot
Rotation- Supination
Turning palms up or forward
Rotation- Pronation
Turning palms down or backward
Rotation- Inversion
Turning the sole inward facing the opposite foot
Rotation- Eversion
Turning the sole outward, away from the body
Dislocations
The separation and displacement of parts of the joint; the parts include MUSCLES, TENDONS, LIGAMENTS and the BONES
Sprains
The wrenching of a joint causing the LIGAMENTS to stretch and tear, but there is no displacement of the bones
Arthritis
inflammation of the joints; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS is characterized by swelling of the joint, inflammation, overgrowth of the synovial membrane and other joint tissue make the joint inactive
Infectious Arthritis
Inflammation due to the presence of a pathogenic organism that attacks the joints as well as the bone tissue. Examples are Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus Group A and Neisseria Gonorrhea
Gout
Caused by a disturbance in the metabolic process; increased amounts of uric acid (biproduct) will accumulate in the joints and cause pain
Bachache
A condition associated with disturbances in the vertebrae caused by INFECTIONS, TUMORS or STRAINS
Appendicular skeleton- Lower Extremities- Calcanus
Heel bone
Costal cartilage
Cartilage that serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax.
Cranium
Skull
Epiphyseal Line (growth line)
It is the part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place; that is, the whole bone is alive, with maintenance remodeling throughout its existing bone tissue, but the growth plate is the place where the long bone grows longer (adds length).
Medullary (marrow) cavity
The hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow
Xphoid Process
The cartilaginous section at the lower end of the sternum, which is not attached to any ribs, and gradually ossifies during adult life
Floating Ribs
Are the lower two sets of ribs that lack attachment to the breast bone
Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion involves just lifting the foot. Plantar flexion involves lifting the whole body.
Osseous
Bone Tissue
