Urinary system Flashcards
layers of the supportive tissue include renal fascia which is the ??? outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
The anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
layers of supportive tissue include Perirenal fat capsule which provides a ??? cushion
fatty cushioning
layers of supportive tissue include innermost fibrous capsule which prevents spread of
infection to kidney from surrounding regions
what releases urine into minor calyx from the tip of the pyramid in the kidney medulla?
the papillae
Renal nerve supply is via sympathetic
or parasympathetic fibres?
sympathetic
Renal arteries deliver 1200 ml of cardiac output to the kidneys each minute, hour, or second?
minute
how much daily does a glomerulus filter?
Glomerulus forms 165-
180L filtrate daily
TRUE or FALSE: the parietal layer of the glomerulus contributes to filtration
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule has Filtration slits which allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space
TRUE
what is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
reabsorption and secretion
descending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to water or NaCl?
Water
ascending limb of loop of henle is permeable to water of NaCl?
NaCl- sodium
the distal convoluted tubule has a function more in ??? than reabsorption
Function more in secretion than reabsorption
cortical nephrons are associated with the shorter loops of henle in cortex or medulla?
cortext
Juxtamedullary nephrons (15-
20%) have longer loops of henle and are in cortex or medulla?
medulla
Blood pressure high in the glomerulus because of afferent or efferent arterioles?
Afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than efferent arterioles
Peritubular capillaries are Low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for
absorption, arising from efferent or afferent arterioles
efferent arterioles
what do Peritubular capillaries empty into? (Think what is in cortex)
cortical radiate vein
Vasa recta are Long vessels parallel to
long loops of Henle that arise from efferent or afferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons
efferent
is the function of the Vasa Recta (interweaving around collecting duct) to form concentrated urine? yes or no
yes
fenestrations in glomerulus filtration system prevent filtration
of ???
blood cells
Urine Formation Step 1:
Glomerular Filtration is a ??? mechanical process driven by hydrostatic
pressure
Passive mechanical process driven by hydrostatic pressure:
glomerulus is a very efficient filter because
Its filtration membrane is very permeable and it has a large surface area and higher pressure
net filtration pressure is determined by ??? hydrostatic pressure (HPg)
Glomerular
two forces that oppose HPg:
??? osmotic pressure of glomerular blood (OPg)
??? hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
Colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood (OPg)
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation) acts within ???
kidneys
what type of glomerular filtration maintains mostly constant GF rate whilst mean arterial pressure is highly variable?
intrinsic control (renal autoregulation)
macula densa cells in ??? apparatus (longer loop of henle) are tall, closely packed cells in the ??? limb
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus, ascending limb
what part of the ascending limb in the juxtaglomerular apparatus acts as chemoreceptors that sense
NaCl content of filtrate
macula densa
which cells act as mechano-receptors that sense blood pressure changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
the second type of glomerular filtration regulation includes Nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain systemic blood pressure. extrinsic or intrinsic?
extrinsic controls
under stress, the sympathetic NS releases norepinephrine/noradrenaline which causes peripheral ??? = ↑
BP
and Triggers the renin-angiotensinaldosterone mechanism to ↑
peripheral vasoconstriction
- Triggers the renin-angiotensinaldosterone mechanism to ↑
blood volume
which route of tubular reabsorption goes through cells, transcellular or paracellular?
transcellular
TRUE or FALSE: the paracellular route between cells for tubular reabsorption is not limited to water movement and reabsorption of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and some Na+ via leaky cell junctions
FALSE. it is limited to water movement and reabsorption of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and some Na+ via leaky cell junctions
which tubule is the site of most (65%) filtrate reabsorption of
* Na+ and other ions
* Water
* Nutrients (e.g., glucose, amino
acids)
proximal or distal?
proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption of water in distal convoluted tubule is hormonally regulated by ??? hormone
antidiuretic hormone from pituitary gland
Reabsorption of sodium in distal convoluted tubule is hormonally regulated by ??? from adrenal gland
aldosterone from adrenal
gland via renin
Blood Pressure decrease triggers ??? release from granular cells in afferent arteriole, triggeing ??? release from adrenal gland = Aldosterone ↑ Na+ reabsorption = H2O reabsorption
renin release, aldosterone release
does tubular secretion or reabsorption eliminate undesirable substances?
tubular secretion
the movement of substances from peritubular capillaries into filtrate, ridding body of excess K and controlling blood pH occurs in tubular secretion or reabsorption?
trubular secretion
Osmolality (= Number of solute particles in 1 kg of H2O) reflects the ability to cause ???
osmosis
kidneys maintain plasma concentration by regulating ??? volume and concentration (modifying
water and solute excretion) to match and ???
urine volume
By countercurrent mechanisms
countercurrent mechanisms occur when fluid flows in ??? directions in 2 adjacent segments of the same tube
opposite
TRUE or FALSE: countercurrent mechanisms establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient (300 mOsm to
1200 mOsm) from renal cortex
through the medulla
TRUE
the countercurrent mechanisms allows us to ??? or ??? water depending on our
hydration status
conserve or excrete water depending on our hydration status
countercurrent multiplier: Na+ and Cl– are passively reabsorbed in the ??? segment (as medulla decreases in osmolality during ascent), Actively reabsorbed in the ??? segment
and Active pumping of
NaCl makes medulla
concentrated!
thin segment
thick segment
countercurrent multiplier Na and Cl are passively reabsorbed and actively reabsorbed in which limb of loop of henle?
ascending limb
what mOsmol difference is created between Descending and Ascending limbs of loop of henle due to countercurrent mechanism multiplier?
200 mOsmol
countercurrent exchange occurs in loop of henle or vasa recta?
vasa recta
countercurrent multiplication occurs in loop of henle or vasa recta?
loop of henle limbs
the Vasa Recta protects the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid ??? of ??? from medullary interstitial
space and placing reabsorbed ??? into bloodstream
removal of salt
places reabsorbed H2O into bloodstream from medullary tissue
In the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), dilute filtrate continues from medullary collecting duct into ???
into the renal pelvis as dilute
urine
formation of concentrated urine depends on the ??? and ???
medullary osmotic gradient and ADH
ADH triggers the reabsorption of H2O in the ??? and collecting ducts
the distal convoluted
tubule and collecting ducts
renal clearance refers to the volume of ??? cleared of a particular substance in a given time
Volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance in a given time
renal clearence tests are used to check Glomerular ??? rate and ???
filtration rate and damage
adventitia is innermost fibrous connective tissue in the
ureta
Layers of the bladder wall:
- Epithelial ???
- Thick ??? muscle
* Rugae: folds in bladder wall when empty for ???
- Epithelial mucosa
- Thick detrusor muscle
Rugae: folds in bladder wall when empty
= expansion potential
what is the point of rugae in bladder wall that are present when bladder is empty?
allows for expansion potential
micturition reflex is triggered by the bladder filling, causing ??? to send afferent nerve impulses to the brain
stretch receptors
