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Anatomy 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

1st line of defence (innate defence)

A

Surface barriers such as skin and mucous membranes

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2
Q

2nd line of defence (innate defence) is composed of internal defences such as

A

Internal defences such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, anti microbial proteins, fever

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3
Q

Combined 3rd line of defence (adaptive defences)

A

Humoral immunity such as B cells
Cellular immunity such as T cells

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4
Q

Skin as an (almost) impenetrable barrier- what is it

A

Heavily keratinised epithelial barrier, immune cells in its layers

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5
Q

Skin barrier- what does it secret on surface

A

Antimicrobial secretions

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6
Q

Skin barrier- why is the Keratin important

A

Keratin is a fibrous protein which is acid, alkali and enzyme resistant

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7
Q

Mucosal membranes line which parts of the body

A

Entry and exit points such as eyes, nose, mouth, lungs, gut, etc

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8
Q

What do mucosal membranes do

A

They physically trap microorganisms with sticky mucous

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9
Q

In nose how is mucous pushed towards the mouth to be swallowed

A

By cillia

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10
Q

Mucin dissolves to do what

A

Dissolves in water to form sticky mucous traps

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11
Q

Defensins are

A

Skin and mucous membranes

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12
Q

Immune cell mobilisation step 1

A

Leukocytosis- Neutrophils enters blood from bone marrow

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13
Q

Immune cell mobilisation step 2

A

Margination- Neutrophils cling to capillary walls

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14
Q

Immune cell mobilisation step 3

A

Diapedesis- Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries

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15
Q

Immune cell mobilisation step 4

A

Chemotaxis- Neutrophils follow chemical trail

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16
Q

Which immune response are lymphocytes a part of?

A

The adaptive immune response. Make up 25% of WBCs

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17
Q

Which immune cell recognised foreign antigens

A

Lymphocytes

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18
Q

B-cells develop in

A

Bone marrow. There is a plasma cell and memory cell

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19
Q

T-cells develop in the ??? And there are 3 types

A

Thymus. There are T-helper cells, cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells

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20
Q

Natural Killer cells develop in

A

Bone marrow and other immune tissues

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21
Q

What don’t Natural Killer cells have?

A

No classical Antigen receptor
No memory capacity

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22
Q

What is the third subclass of lymphocyte called

A

Natural killer cells

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23
Q

What is the function of Natural Killer cells

A

Recognise abnormalities in infected cells or tumour cells as well as some microorganisms and destroy

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24
Q

How do NK cells work/ how do they kill!

A

By signalling apoptosis (eg virus infected cells)
Causing pore formation via perforin
Firing proteases at cells

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25
Q

Antimicrobial proteins- what are Interferons (IFNs)

A

Small proteins released by virus infected cells that interfere with protein synthesis in other cells

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26
Q

Antimicrobial proteins- what are the three types of IFNs (think Greek alphabet)

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

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27
Q

Which IFNs inhibit viral replication and activate NK cells?

A

Alpha and beta

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28
Q

Which IFNs mobilises the immune system ?

A

Gamma from lymphocytes

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29
Q

What is the function of the complement system in Antimicrobial proteins? (Think immune defence types)

A

Enhances both the innate and adaptive immune defences

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30
Q

~20 different proteins in the blood produced by the liver which when activated form

A

Protein pores called membrane attack complexes- lysis
Coat pathogens in opsonins so phagocytes can bind

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31
Q

What can the complement system do to inflammation?

A

Enhance inflammation

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32
Q

the classical pathway is made of ??? that activates the ??? system

A

Antibodies (classical pathway) that activate the complement system

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33
Q

True or false, the complement system is a reactive cascade

A

True, each enzyme activated the next

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34
Q

How is the complement system restricted?

A

By both short activation times and specific inhibitors

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35
Q

Fever is what type of response

A

An innate

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36
Q

What is a fever caused by

A

WBCs and macrophages releasing pyrogens in response to foreign substances

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37
Q

Where and why do pyrogens cause thermostat

A

In hypothalamus to raise body temperature

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38
Q

What is the function of fever

A

Inhibit microbe growth, sequester iron and zinc within liver and spleen (less available for bacteria)
Increase metabolic rate of tissues to speed repair

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39
Q

What is febrile seizure

A

A common neurological disorder in infants and young children which alarmist always resolve spontaneously and almost never cause long term harm

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40
Q

What is cellular senescence

A

Ageing cells losing their ability to divide permanently

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41
Q

True or false: senescent cells are harmless

A

False. They release toxic and inflammatory byproducts

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42
Q

What is the 3rd line of defence against infection know as

A

Specific immunity or acquired immunity

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43
Q

Acquired immunity features three main response things (S.S.M)

A

Specific to a pathogen or foreign substance
Systemic: happens everywhere in body
Memory: for future encounters

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44
Q

Adaptive immune system: humoral immunity is what

A

Antibody mediated immunity created by B-lymphocytes

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45
Q

Which fluids does humoral immunity work through?

A

Through blood and lymphatic system

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46
Q

What does humoral immunity specialise in

A

Bacteria, toxins and some viruses

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47
Q

Adaptive immune system: cellular immunity what is it

A

Cell mediated immunity with T-lymphocytes

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48
Q

What does cellular immunity specialise in

A

Infected cells, parasites and cancer cells

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49
Q

An antigen is

A

Anything that can trigger an immune response. Most are large complex molecules with multiple possible binding sites

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50
Q

Antigens are immunogenic and stimulate ??? Multiplication

A

They stimulate lymphocytes to multiply

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51
Q

Antigens are reactive and react with activated ???

A

They react with activated lymphocytes. Small molecules that only cause reactions called Haptogens or incomplete antigens eg RAT tests for covid

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52
Q

Humoral immune system: Blood groups are determined by

A

By which Antigenic receptors on your RBCs and
by which antibodies against those receptors are in your plasma

53
Q

Lymphocyte life cycle: B and T lymphocyte precursors originate in

A

Red bone marrow

54
Q

Lymphocyte life cycle: precursors destined to be T cells migrate to

A

The thymus and mature there

55
Q

Lymphocyte life cycle: precursors destined to be B cells mature in

A

Bone marrow.

56
Q

Self tolerance of lymphocytes means what

A

Each lymphocyte must not attack self antigens. Failures of self tolerance can cause the body to attack itself

57
Q

Immunocompetence of lymphocytes means what in terms of binding and recognising antigens?

A

Each lymphocyte must be able to recognise and bind to one antigen. It dies if it can’t. Many copies of this antigen receptor are in the surface of each lymphocyte

58
Q

Clonal deletion occurs when

A

Cells responding to self antigens are told to apoptose

59
Q

Antigen sequestering is what

A

Some self antigens are simply not exposed to the immune system

60
Q

Privilege Tissue status is when some body tissues

A

Apoptose immune cells that would activate against them

61
Q

Suppression by regulatory T-cells is when

A

Activated cells are suppressed throughout their life.

62
Q

Clonal anergy is when

A

Cells are inactivated

63
Q

Receptor editing is when B cells are given a second chance to

A

B cells are given a second chance to change receptor if stimulated by self antigens

64
Q

B cells differentiate into

A

Memory B cells or
Plasma cells

65
Q

IgM is a class of antibody that is

A

1st to be produced, clinically indicates current infection.

66
Q

What are IgM antibodies good at

A

Agglutination and activating complement. They are pentameric but also exist as a monomer bound to B cells

67
Q

What are IgA antibodies

A

Mostly secreted in saliva, sweat, intestines, breast milk.
They stop attachment of microbes to epithelium. Are dimeric but some monomer in blood

68
Q

What are IgD antibodies bound to and act as

A

Bound to B cells surface, acts as antigen receptor

69
Q

What are IgG antibodies

A

Most abundant type in blood, main antibody of late primary and secondary responses.

70
Q

What are IgG antibodies good at

A

Fixing and activating complement. Have passive immunity via crossing placenta, shows past infections

71
Q

IgE antibodies are secreted by

A

Secreted by plasma cells in skin and mucosa

72
Q

IgE antibodies work against

A

Parasites

73
Q

In allergies, IgE antibodies bind to

A

Mast cells and basophils tissue cause histamine and inflammatory chemical release

74
Q

Primary antibody production from first exposure is small and slow or big and quick?

A

Small and slow

75
Q

Secondary antibody production is

A

Faster and stronger due to memory cells already available

76
Q

Active humoral antibody immunity is either ??? Acquired or ??? Acquired

A

Naturally acquired through contact with pathogen or
artificially acquired though vaccine

77
Q

Passive humoral antibody immunity is acquired through either

A

Naturally acquired through mother to fetus or
Artificially acquired via injection of exogenous antibodies

78
Q

Types of vaccines

A
  • inactivated pathogen
    Live but attenuated
  • Parts of a pathogen
  • Toxoid
  • Viral vector
  • mRNA
79
Q

True or false: t lymphocytes can turn into effector or memory T cells

A

True

80
Q

Memory T cells assist in

A

The quick response to secondary infections

81
Q

Three types of effector T cells

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Regulatory T cells

82
Q

Helper T cells help activate and control

A

Activate B cells and other T cells and macrophages
Control and direct the adaptive immune response

83
Q

Cytotoxic T cells are specific killers that directly

A

Destroy virus infected cells, fast multiplying bacteria, old cells and cancer forming cells. Similar to NKs but act against specific targets

84
Q

Regulatory T cells help suppress

A

T cell activity once no longer needed

85
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells know what cells to kill?

A

Via MHCs as all cells constantly display bits of their innards on their membrane like a passport for immune cells to survey

86
Q

How does displaying MHCs cause cytotoxic T cells to attack

A

Potentially the cells have antigens in them, so it warns cytotoxic T cells if that cell is infected

87
Q

MHC type 2 receptors are ??? and release ??? which ??? other immune cells

A

all immune cells. MHC class 2 releases signals to attack, activating other immune cells

88
Q

second line of defence initial response is

A

inflammation

89
Q

??? called lectins, also known as the ??? pathway is one of three ways to activate the ??? system

A

Proteins called lectins (Lectin pathway)
complement system

90
Q

the complement system can be activated spontaneously by lack of ??? known as the ??? pathway

A

Spontaneously by lack of inhibitors (alternate pathway)

91
Q

which immune cell type phagocytoses microbes to produce antigens on their cell surface and then present these antigens to lymphocytes to initiate adaptive immune response?

A

Dendritic cells

92
Q

which immune cell type is an Antigen Presenting Cell?

A

Dendritic cells

93
Q

opsonins are what type of protein?

A

complement protein aka antibody

94
Q

Natural killer cells recognise when there is a lack of ??? Surface proteins and destroy these cells

A

Major histocompatibility complex

95
Q

Signalling of cells for apoptosis is seen by ??? Cells which then destroy the cell

A

Natural Killer cells

96
Q

How do interferons help by interfering with protein synthesis in other cells? By inducing the synthesis…

A

They induce the synthesis of protective proteins in the cell they have entered to protect against the virus.

97
Q

What interferes with the replication of virus mRNA in neighbouring cells when released by infected cell?

A

Interferons- small proteins

98
Q

Alpha and Beta interferons inhibit ??? Replication and activate NK cells

A

Viral replication

99
Q

Gamma interferons mobilise the ??? System

A

Immune system

100
Q

Membrane attack complexes are ??? That are produced by liver and are in the blood

A

Proteins

101
Q

TRUE or FALSE: membrane attack complexes come together to form protein pores in the membrane of target cells and enhance inflammation

A

True

102
Q

Each enzyme activated the next enzyme and thus restricted by both short activation times and specific inhibitors- what immune system is this?

A

The complement system

103
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Fever is a type of adaptive defence

A

False it is an innate defence

104
Q

White blood cells and macrophages release ??? To induce fever

A

Pyrogens

105
Q

interferons are small ??? released by infected cells

A

small proteins

106
Q

what type of immunity is known as specific or acquired immunity, adaptive or innate?

A

adaptive immune

107
Q

which immunity type works through blood and lymphatic system? humoral or cellular?

A

humoral

108
Q

immunogenic antigens stimulate ??? to multiply

A

lymphocytes

109
Q

antigens can react with activated ???

A

lymphocytes

110
Q

TRUE or FALSE: antigens are usually large complex molecules with multiple binding sites known as antigenic determinants

A

TRUE

111
Q

immunogenic antigen response is when ??? are stimulated to multiply by the presence of ???

A

lymphocytes, antigens

112
Q

blood groups contain antigenic ??? and antibodies in plasma against particular receptors

A

receptors

113
Q

autoimmune disorders occur when b-cells fail to recognise ???

A

self

114
Q

TRUE or FALSE: in humoral immunity, Clonal Deletion is when B-cells responding to self antigens are ‘told’ to apoptose

A

TRUE

115
Q

lymphocytes (B and T cells) are born in which immune tissue?

A

bone marrow

116
Q

what does P.L.A.N stand for with the work of antibodies?

A

P: precipitation
L: lysis from complement system
A: agglutination
N: neutralisation

117
Q

passive humoral antibody immunity is when antibodies are

A

antibodies are passed from mother to child

118
Q

active humoral antibody immunity is when antibodies are acquired

A

acquired from contact with pathogen resulting in memory cells

119
Q

artificial active humoral antibody immunity is from dead ???

A

dead or attenuated pathogens

120
Q

artificial passive humoral antibody immunity is passed through what type of vaccine injection?

A

injection of exogenous antibodies

121
Q

what cells display class 1 major histocompatibility complexes?

A

all cells that become infected except for red blood cells

122
Q

Type 1 major histocompatibility complexes are recognised by

A

cytotoxic T cells and naive CD8 cells

123
Q

Class/type 2 major histocompatibility complexes are displayed by which cells

A

antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells

124
Q

Class 2 MHCs are recognised by what cell

A

Helper T-cells

125
Q

deficiency in responding to an attack can be genetic (primary) and ??? (secondary) immunodeficiency

A

acquired (secondary)

126
Q

acute (immediate) hypersensitivity is mediated by which antibody? (MADGE)

A

antibody IgE

127
Q

TRUE or FALSE: acute hypersensitivity occurs by IgE causing degranulation of mast cells & basophils

A

True

128
Q

which two types of hypersensitivity is caused by antibodies

A

type 2 and 3

Anatomy 2 (15 decks)

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