URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
structures of urinary system (4)
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
- paired reddish-brown organs that filter plasma and
plasma constituents from the blood and then
selectively reabsorb water and useful constituents
from the filtrate, ultimately excreting excesses and
plasma waste products - located in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity;
right is slightly more cranial
kidney
kidney of animals
- right-heart-shaped; left-bean-shaped
horse
kidney of animals
- lobulated; no renal pelvis
Ox
kidney of animals
- bean-shaped (3)
- sheep
- pig
- dog
structures of kidney
- depressed portion of the kidney where the artery, vein, nerves, lymph vessels and ureters pass.
hilus
structures of kidney
- continuation of the hilus, lodges the renal pelvis, calices,
vessels, nerves and fat
Renal sinus
structures of kidney
- funnel –shaped expansion of the cranial end of the ureter,
within the renal sinus, greater part may be outside the renal sinus.
Renal pelvis
structures of kidney
- connective tissue that covers the kidney
Capsule
structures of kidney
- outer layer, reddish brown in color, composed mainly of renal
corpuscles and convoluted tubules.
Cortex
structures of kidney
- inner portion, composed chiefly of collecting tubules, and in some
species, are organized into a group of structures called renal pyramids.
Medulla
structures of kidney
- blunted apex of a renal pyramid
Renal papillae
structures of kidney
- cuplike organ or cavity (minor and major) where urine passes from the renal pyramid to the renal
pelvis.
Calix
group of structures is called __________
renal pyramids
the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
parts of nephron
- site of filtration of blood plasma; consist of
glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
- a cup-like structure at the beginning of the
renal tubule.
Renal corpuscle
parts of nephron
- contains the tubular fluid (filtrate) filtered
through the glomerulus
Renal tubule
parts of nephron
- network known as a tuft, of filtering capillaries
Glomerulus
parts of renal tubule (4)
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
ascending and descending limbs
loop of henle
is the term for
expulsion of urine from the
bladder.
Micturition
start in the renal
pelvis and end in
the urinary bladder
Ureter
hollow organ that varies in size
and position, depending on the volume of urine
Urinary Bladder
urinary bladder is located on the floor of the pelvic cavity if _______
empty
urinary bladder is located in the abdominal cavity when _____
full
- in female, opens onto the floor of
the vaginal vestibule - in male, passes through the penis
(pelvic urethra)
Pelvic urethra
are cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus
Podocytes
- is part of the distal convoluted tubule
- sense changes in
sodium chloride level,
and will trigger
an autoregulatory
response to either increase or decrease reabsorption of
ions and water to the blood in order to alter blood volume and return blood
pressure to normal.
Macula densa
secrete renin (also known as angiotensinogenase), a hormone that participates in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that mediates the volume of extracellular fluid (blood plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction.
Juxtaglomerular cells/ Granular cells
are specialized cells that secrete extracellular
matrix substance rich in laminin and fibronectin that help support the capillary
tuft of the glomerulus. These cells contract to regulate capillary flow and aid
in the removal of macromolecules.
mesangial cells
- kidneys use to filter excess fluid and waste products out of the blood into the urine collecting tubules of the kidney - involves physical barriers through which the filtrate passes include the (fenestrated) capillary endothelium of the glomerulus, the inner layer of Bowman’s capsule, and a basement membrane (lamina) between these two cell layers - the barrier acts much like a sieve, and all substances up to a molecular weight of about 65,000 pass through the barrier - plasma constituents (e.g., glucose, amino acids, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and bicarbonate ions) readily cross the barrier, and their concentrations in the initial filtrate are about the same as in plasma
Glomerular filtration
the
pressure tending to force fluid out
of the capillary
effective filtration pressure
the process whereby certain molecules (e.g. ions, glucose and amino acids), after being filtered out of the capillaries along with nitrogenous waste products (i.e. urea) and water in the glomerulus, are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron
Selective tubular reabsorption
used to remove drugs, toxins and poisons, or other natural compounds in excessive amounts (such as potassium (K+), hydrogen (H+), and urea)
Selective tubular secretion
- lie on the ventral surface of the synsacrum; divided into cranial, middle, and caudal lobes - no renal pelvis and renal calyces
avian kidneys
empty directly into the ureter adjacent to
the cranial lobe of the kidney.
collecting ducts
terminate in the dorsal
part of the urodeum.
right and left ureters
complete suppression of urine
anuria
difficult or painful urination
dysuria
scanty or little urine
oliguria
excessive urination
polyuria
