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ZOOT 1 100 > RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q
  • involves chemical and physical processes by which an
    organism exchanges gasses with the environment
  • osmotic and chemical process
A

Respiration

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2
Q

also called breathing, refers to the process of air flow into the lungs during
inhalation (inspiration) and out of the lungs during exhalation (expiration)

A

pulmonary ventilation

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3
Q

refers to the movement of air in and out of the alveoli

A

Alveolar ventilation

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4
Q

brought by cellular respiration that
involves metabolic reactions such converting chemical energy from oxygen
or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), then release of waste
products

A

oxygen utilization

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5
Q
  • (oxygen and carbon dioxide) across a membrane in
    the lungs
  • oxygen diffuses from the air capillaries into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air capillaries
A

gas exchanges

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6
Q

involving ventilation and gas

exchange in the lungs

A

external respiration

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7
Q

gas exchange between

the blood and other tissues.

A

internal respiration

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8
Q

structures of respiratory system (7)

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • pulmonary alveoli
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9
Q

division based on location (2)

A
  • upper respiratory

- lower respiratory

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10
Q

includes nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

A

upper respiratory

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11
Q

includes trachea and lungs

A

lower respiratory

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12
Q

division based on function (2)

A
  • conducting divisions

- respiratory division

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13
Q

includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

A

conducting divisions

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14
Q

includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and pulmonary alveoli

A

respiratory division

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15
Q

envelope the lungs and form vacuum chambers around the lungs

A

two pleural sacs

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16
Q

including associated muscles

A

thoracic cage

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17
Q

a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs, and separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

diaphragm

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18
Q

thoracic volume ______ during inspiration and ______ during expiration

A

increasing - decreasing

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19
Q

occur when more air is needed than movement of the diaphragm produces

A

costal or thoracic breathing

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20
Q

occurs during ordinary quiet breathing

A

abdominal or diaphragmatic breathing

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21
Q

refers to a normal quiet respiration

A

eupnea

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22
Q

refers to difficulty in breathing

A

dyspnea

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23
Q

refers to absence or cessation of respiration

A

apnea

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24
Q

refers to increased dept or rate of breathing or both

A

hyperpnea

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25
Q

refers to a rapid, shallow breathing

A

polypnea

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26
Q

upper respiratory tract (4)

A
  • nose
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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27
Q
  • is embodied within the skeleton of the face
  • extends from about the transverse level of the eyes to the rostral extremity of
    the head
A

nose

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28
Q

part of the nose that is rostral to the eyes

A

facial part

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29
Q

part of the nose that is dorsal to the mouth

A

oral part

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30
Q

the external openings of the respiratory tract

A

external nares or nostrils

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31
Q

nose of horse

A
  • lacks planum nasale

- covered with fine hair

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32
Q

nose of large ruminants (ox, cattle, carabao)

A

nasolabial planum forming the muzzle

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33
Q

nose of small ruminants (sheep and goat) and dogs

A

only have planum nasale

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34
Q

nose of pigs

A

distinct planum rostrale, corresponds to the snout that supports the rostral bone

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35
Q

a deep median groove than can be observed that divides the upper lip of small ruminants

A

philtrum

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36
Q

is separated from the mouth by the hard and soft palates, and separated into two isolated halves by a medial nasal spectrum

A

nasal cavity

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37
Q

a thin scroll-like (dorsal, ventral, and ethmoidal) and also known as turbinate bones

A

nasal concha

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38
Q

a mucous membrane lining the ethmoidal conchae

A

olfactory epithelium

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39
Q

(dorsal, middle, ventral, and common), referring to the air passages created by the turbinate bones

A

nasal meatus

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40
Q

an unpaired facial bone located midsagittal and articulates with the palatine process of the maxillary bone

A

vomer

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41
Q
  • are air-filled cavities that communicate with the nasal cavity
  • can be found in the maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, and palatine bones
  • may provide some protection and insulation to the head
A

paranasal sinuses

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42
Q

is the common soft tissue conduit (passageway), for food and air, located caudal to the oral and nasal cavities

43
Q

the opening structure of pharynx includes (5)

A
  • two caudal nares (choanae)
  • two auditory tube from the middle ears
  • oral cavity
  • larynx
  • esophagus
44
Q

regulates the size of the airway and protects it to prevent substance (especially during swallowing food) other than air from entering the trachea

45
Q

organ of phonation (vocalization)

46
Q

unpaired cartilages of larynx (3)

A
  • cricoid cartilage
  • thyroid cartilage
  • epiglottic cartilage
47
Q

paired cartilages of larynx (2)

A
  • arytenoid cartilage

- corniculate cartilage

48
Q

signet ring-shaped; rostral to the 1st tracheal ring

A

cricoid cartilage

49
Q

resembles a taco shell; adam’s apple in human

A

thyroid cartilage

50
Q

leaf-shaped; most rostral part

A

epiglottic cartilage

51
Q

rostral to the cricoid cartilage

A

arytenoid cartilage

52
Q

horn-shaped cartilage

A

corniculate cartilage

53
Q

lower respiratory tract (3)

A
  • trachea
  • bronchus (i)
  • alveolus (i)
54
Q
  • is a flexible, cartilaginous, and membranous tube that connects the larynx and bronchi
  • bifurcates at the level of the base of the heart into right and left bronchi
A

trachea or windpipe

55
Q

may branch-off at the level of the third intercostal space

A

third bronchus

56
Q

is composed of a series of C-shaped hyaline cartilage that
provide cross-sectional rigidity to resist collapse and are joined one to another
by elastic annular ligaments that permit the trachea considerable flexibility to
follow movement of the neck.

A

tracheal tube

57
Q

conducts air into the lungs

58
Q

branch from the trachea are the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus

A

the first (primary) bronchi

59
Q

are narrower branches that bifurcate from the primary bronchi to the different lobes of the lungs

A

the secondary (lobar) bronchi

60
Q

are branches of the secondary bronchi which are narrower and located in the different segments of each lobe

A

the tertiary (segmental) bronchi

61
Q

are continuation of the bronchi that are too narrow to be supported by cartilages

A

bronchioles

62
Q

terminal bronchioles with alveoli along their walls

A

respiratory bronchioles

63
Q

are the last generation of conducting airways

A

terminal bronchioles

64
Q

clusters of air sacs

65
Q

are sacs of many alveoli, which are the cells that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

A

alveolar sacs

66
Q

bounded cranially by the first pair of ribs, the first thoracic vertebra, and the cranial part of the sternum; dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae; ventrally by the sternum; laterally by the ribs and costal cartilages; caudally by the diaphragm

A

thorax or chest

67
Q

is a serous membrane investing the lungs and lining the walls of the thoracic cavity

68
Q

are two layers (visceral and parietal) of
serous membrane sac that surround each lung and attach them to
the thoracic cavity

A

pulmonary pleurae

69
Q

covers the surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

70
Q

is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

A

parietal pleura

71
Q

is the serous membrane that covers the ribs, costal

cartilages, and including the intercostal muscles

A

costal pleura

72
Q 
is the serous membrane that lines the 
convex surface (referring to the thoracic side) of the diaphragm
A

diaphragmatic pleura

73
Q

is the portion of the parietal pleura that lines

the mediastinum

A

Mediastinal pleura

74
Q

contains the heart, thymus,

portion of the esophagus, and trachea, and other structures

A

mediastinum

75
Q

refers to the pleura in
the region of the cervical vertebrae extending beyond the apex of
the lungs and into the neck

A

cervical pleura or cupula pleura

76
Q
  • are paired organ (right and left) that occupy the thoracic
    cavity, and covered by the pulmonary pleura
  • are roughly conical
    with the base resting against the cranial surface of the diaphragm and the
    apex in or close to the thoracic inlet
77
Q

right lobes of lungs (4)

A
  • apical lobe
  • middle lobe
  • diaphragmatic lobe
  • accessory lobe
78
Q

left lobes of lungs (2)

A
  • apical lobe

- diaphragmatic lobe

79
Q

cranial lobe; ventral to the trachea; partially divided into cranial and caudal part

A

right lobe apical lobe

80
Q

cardiac lobe; presents costal surface

A

middle lobe

81
Q

caudal lobe; largest lobe

A

right lobe diaphragmatic lobe

82
Q

intermediate lobe

A

accessory lobe

83
Q

cranial lobe; partially divided into cranial and caudal part - well developed in ox; not complete in the sheep and goat

A

left lobe apical lobe

84
Q

caudal lobe

A

left lobe diaphragmatic lobe

85
Q

is the process by
which air is moved into
(inspiration) and out of
(expiration) the lungs.

A

ventilation

86
Q

is a mechanism to dissipate heat; characterized by an increased
ventilator rate, but with a reduced tidal volume (volume of air moved
during each breath)

87
Q

refers to the upper airways that are not sites of

gas exchange

A

anatomic dead space

88
Q

includes the anatomic dead space and any

alveoli in which normal gas exchanges cannot occur

A

physiologic dead space

89
Q

refers to the total rate of airflow into and out of the
lungs; includes the airflow through the tracheobronchial tree and to both
the functional alveoli and non-functional alveoli

A

minute ventilation rate

90
Q

refers to the rate of air-flow into
and out of the functioning
alveoli

A

Alveolar ventilation rate

91
Q

as the concentration is much lower in the

alveolus than in the blood

A

CO2 moves into the alveolus

92
Q

as the continuous flow
of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of the blood with O2 and allows
maximal transfer across the membrane

A

O2 moves out of the alveolus

93
Q

are part of a unidirectional circuit that includes a series of
non-respiratory (lacking gas exchange surfaces) air sacs and airflow is created by
movements of the sternum rather than through contraction of a muscular diaphragm

A

avian lungs

94
Q

the organ of phonation that is located at the distal end of the trachea before the portion of the bronchi

95
Q

are unilobed

and lie adjacent to and deeply invested in the thoracic vertebrae.

A

lungs (avian respiratory system)

96
Q

are blind-ended expansions of the respiratory tree with walls
composed of connective tissues covered externally by serosa

97
Q

a median, unpaired, somewhat triangular air sac
connected to the secondary bronchi of both lungs. It lies in between the
angle of two limbs of the furcular (wishbone)

A

Interclavicular

98
Q

a pair of small cervical air sacs arises anteriorly, one from each
lung

99
Q

arises from the side of each lung, lies at ventral side of

lung in the anterior portion of the thorax.

A

Anterior thoracic

100
Q

a pair of small air sacs found in the posterior part of

the thoracic cavity just in front of abdominal sacs.

A

Posterior thoracic

101
Q

a large air sac from the distal end of each lung.

102
Q 
gives off 
branches to air sacs and 
also gives off several 
secondary bronchi which 
may be distinguished as 
dorsal, ventral and lateral 
according to their position
A

mesobronchus

103
Q

(dorsal and ventral) then
branch into tertiary
bronchi or parabronchi.

A

secondary bronchi

ZOOT 1 100 (11 decks)

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